Glycyrrhizin is the main sweet-tasting compound from liquorice root. It is 30–50 times as sweet as sucrose (table sugar). Pure glycyrrhizin is odorless.In chemical terms, glycyrrhizin is a triterpenoid saponin glycoside of glycyrrhizic (or glycyrrhizinic) acid.[2] Upon hydrolysis, the glycoside loses its sweet taste and is converted to the aglycone glycyrrhetinic acid plus two molecules of glucuronic acid. The acid form is not particularly water-soluble, but its ammonium salt is soluble in water at pH greater than 4.5.
Although sweet, the taste sensation of glycyrrhizin is different from that of sugar. The sweetness of glycyrrhizin has a slower onset than sugar has, and lingers in the mouth for some time. Unlike the artificial sweetener aspartame, glycyrrhizin maintains its sweetness under heating.
In the United States, glycyrrhizin is classified as "generally recognized as safe" as a flavoring agent, although not as a sweetener. Glycyrrhizin is used as a flavoring in some candies, pharmaceuticals, and tobacco products.The European Union suggests people should not consume any more than 100 mg of glycyrrhizic acid a day, equivalent to approximately 50g of liquorice sweets.
From:http://natural-anti-aids.com/antiaids/Natural-HIV/Glycyrrhizin/
2011年8月12日星期五
Pramlintide Acetate
Pramlintide acetate (Symlin) is a relatively new adjunct for diabetes (both type 1 and 2), developed by Amylin Pharmaceuticals.
Pramlintide is an analogue of amylin, a small peptide hormone that is released into the bloodstream by the β-cells of the pancreas along with insulin, after a meal.Like insulin, amylin is deficient in individuals with diabetes.
By augmenting endogenous amylin, pramlintide aids in the absorption of glucose by slowing gastric emptying, promoting satiety via hypothalamic receptors (different receptors than for GLP-1), and inhibiting inappropriate secretion of glucagon, a catabolic hormone that opposes the effects of insulin and amylin.
From：http://www.polypeptides.net/polypeptides/Polypeptide/Pramlintide-Acetate/
Pramlintide is an analogue of amylin, a small peptide hormone that is released into the bloodstream by the β-cells of the pancreas along with insulin, after a meal.Like insulin, amylin is deficient in individuals with diabetes.
By augmenting endogenous amylin, pramlintide aids in the absorption of glucose by slowing gastric emptying, promoting satiety via hypothalamic receptors (different receptors than for GLP-1), and inhibiting inappropriate secretion of glucagon, a catabolic hormone that opposes the effects of insulin and amylin.
From：http://www.polypeptides.net/polypeptides/Polypeptide/Pramlintide-Acetate/
Nesiritide Acetate
Nesiritide (Natrecor) is the recombinant form of the 32 amino acid human B-type natriuretic peptide, which is normally produced by the ventricular myocardium. Nesiritide works to facilitate cardiovascular fluid homeostasis through counterregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldoesterone system, stimulating cyclic guanosine monophosphate, leading to smooth muscle cell relaxation.
An acetate is a derivative of acetic acid. This term includes salts and esters, as well as the anion found in solution. Most of the approximately 5 billion kilograms of acetic acid produced annually in industry are used in the production of acetates, which usually take the form of polymers. In nature, acetate is the most common building block for biosynthesis. For example, the fatty acids are produced by connecting C2 units derived from acetate.
From：http://www.polypeptides.net/polypeptides/Polypeptide/Nesiritide-Acetate/
An acetate is a derivative of acetic acid. This term includes salts and esters, as well as the anion found in solution. Most of the approximately 5 billion kilograms of acetic acid produced annually in industry are used in the production of acetates, which usually take the form of polymers. In nature, acetate is the most common building block for biosynthesis. For example, the fatty acids are produced by connecting C2 units derived from acetate.
From：http://www.polypeptides.net/polypeptides/Polypeptide/Nesiritide-Acetate/
DL-Tyrosine
Tyrosine (abbreviated as Tyr or Y)[1] or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, is one of the 20 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. Its codons are UAC and UAU. It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group. The word "tyrosine" is from the Greek tyri, meaning cheese, as it was first discovered in 1846 by German chemist Justus von Liebig in the protein casein from cheese.[2][3] It is called tyrosyl when referred to as a functional group or side chain.
From:http://www.aminophenol.net/DL-series-of-amino-acid/186/
From:http://www.aminophenol.net/DL-series-of-amino-acid/186/
Cholesteryl chloride (Cholesteryl chloride)
Cholesteryl chloride, also called 3-chlorocholest-5-ene or 3β-chlorocholest-5-ene, is an organic chemical, an organochloride derivate cholesterol. It is a liquid crystal material forming clockwise cholesteric liquid crystals. It is a transparent liquid, or a soft crystalline material with melting point around 94-96 °C.
It can be used with cholesteryl nonanoate, cholesteryl benzoate, and/or cholesteryl oleyl carbonate in some thermochromic liquid crystals.
It is used in some hair colors, make-ups, and some other cosmetic preparations.
It can be also used as a component of the liquid crystals used for liquid crystal displays.
From:http://www.cholesterin-cholesterol.com/cholesterol/Products/85/
It can be used with cholesteryl nonanoate, cholesteryl benzoate, and/or cholesteryl oleyl carbonate in some thermochromic liquid crystals.
It is used in some hair colors, make-ups, and some other cosmetic preparations.
It can be also used as a component of the liquid crystals used for liquid crystal displays.
From:http://www.cholesterin-cholesterol.com/cholesterol/Products/85/
How Do Muscles Work?
Certain muscles, the muscles of your heart and digestive system, are involuntary. They work by themselves, without consciously telling them to do something. Other muscles are voluntary, meaning that you order them to move. The two types of muscles are controlled by the brain. The brain sends an electrical signal in a series of nerve cells control the muscles to contract. This is done automatically by your brain with involuntary muscles and your brain with manually by the voluntary muscles.
Muscles consist of muscle filaments thick and thin. Muscle thick filaments are composed of myosin protein molecules stacked into a cylinder. Muscle thin filaments are made of actin protein that resembles a pair of pearl necklaces torsion. Two muscle filaments thick and thin are required for muscle contraction.
There are grooves in the thin muscle filaments that allow them to move along filaments of thick muscle. In these gorges are a pair of proteins called tropomyosin and troponin. They are key molecular switches in muscle contraction. Calcium ions are released to trigger the movement and proteins to help the thick filaments of myosin and thin actin filaments work together.
Muscles consist of muscle filaments thick and thin. Muscle thick filaments are composed of myosin protein molecules stacked into a cylinder. Muscle thin filaments are made of actin protein that resembles a pair of pearl necklaces torsion. Two muscle filaments thick and thin are required for muscle contraction.
There are grooves in the thin muscle filaments that allow them to move along filaments of thick muscle. In these gorges are a pair of proteins called tropomyosin and troponin. They are key molecular switches in muscle contraction. Calcium ions are released to trigger the movement and proteins to help the thick filaments of myosin and thin actin filaments work together.
From:
Side Effects of Sirolimus
Sirolimus, which is sold under the brand name Rapamune is a drug used to deliberately lower the body's defenses of the immune system. As a prescription drug, sirolimus is capable of causing a large number of side effects from depending on the size of dose, individual, and other variables.
Sirolimus is a prescription drug used specifically in the case of kidney transplants. By weakening the body's immune system, sirolimus prevents the body from rejecting the kidney. The weakened immune system does not recognize the new organ as foreign and therefore will not attack the organ. Recognized as an immunosuppressant, sirolimus blood cells of some blocks that would normally reject the organ.
The use of sirolimus may cause the following side effects: diarrhea, acne, headache, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, insomnia and constipation. Although less serious side effects can become serious if they persist or become bothersome. Closely monitor side effects and contact your doctor if symptoms worsen.
Drugs.com reports that sirolimus can cause serious side effects include: calf pain or swelling, yellowing of the skin, vision changes, unusual weight changes, irregular heartbeat, irregular urination, chest pain , mood swings, irritation and severe skin rash, muscle pain, difficulty breathing, swelling of the extremities, bleeding or bruising, weakness, tremors, skin growths, and a serious allergic reaction, including swelling of the face or throat. These side effects are serious and must be treated seriously. Seek immediate medical attention in the occurrence of any side effects before.
From: http://www.lactic-acid-bacteria.net/bulk-drug/RapamycinSirolimus/
Sirolimus is a prescription drug used specifically in the case of kidney transplants. By weakening the body's immune system, sirolimus prevents the body from rejecting the kidney. The weakened immune system does not recognize the new organ as foreign and therefore will not attack the organ. Recognized as an immunosuppressant, sirolimus blood cells of some blocks that would normally reject the organ.
The use of sirolimus may cause the following side effects: diarrhea, acne, headache, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, insomnia and constipation. Although less serious side effects can become serious if they persist or become bothersome. Closely monitor side effects and contact your doctor if symptoms worsen.
Drugs.com reports that sirolimus can cause serious side effects include: calf pain or swelling, yellowing of the skin, vision changes, unusual weight changes, irregular heartbeat, irregular urination, chest pain , mood swings, irritation and severe skin rash, muscle pain, difficulty breathing, swelling of the extremities, bleeding or bruising, weakness, tremors, skin growths, and a serious allergic reaction, including swelling of the face or throat. These side effects are serious and must be treated seriously. Seek immediate medical attention in the occurrence of any side effects before.
From: http://www.lactic-acid-bacteria.net/bulk-drug/RapamycinSirolimus/
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