Tetracosactide acetate is similar to a chemical called corticotropic hormone which is found in the body. Tetracosactide acetate is used to test the function of the adrenal glands. It may also be used as an alternative to treatment with corticosteroids in conditions such as arthritis or certain types of inflammatory bowel disease Other information about Tetracosactide acetate: this preparation may contain benzyl alcohol. You should check the Patient Information Leaflet that comes with this medicine to see if it does. Benzyl alcohol may not be suitable for everyone. It should not be given to children under three years of age. For more information, check with your prescriber Tetracosactide acetate is given to you by a healthcare professional. The person responsible for giving you your medicine will make sure that you get the right dose. If you feel unwell after having the medicine then talk to your prescriber or someone involved in your medical care.
Read more:http://www.polypeptides.net/News/Tetracosactide-acetate-precautions/
2011年7月29日星期五
Calcium cyanamide actue effects
Calcium cyanamide is used as a fertilizer, pesticide, and in the manufacture of other chemicals. It is irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract in humans. Calcium cyanamide is irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract in humans. Acute inhalation exposure may cause gastritis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and tracheobronchitis. Acute oral exposure of humans may cause a vasomotor reaction, resulting in intense localized erythematous flushing of the face, upper body, and arms, with headache, dizziness, fatigue, vertigo, congestion of the mucosa, nausea, and vomiting also reported. Tachycardia and hypotension have also been observed in humans following acute oral exposure.
Peripheral neuropathy was reported in one case of acute oral exposure in a human. Effects on liver enzymes have been reported in rats acutely exposed by ingestion. Acute animal tests in rats, mice, and rabbits have demonstrated calcium cyanamide to have moderate to high acute toxicity from oral exposure and high acute toxicity from dermal exposure.
Read more:http://www.chemicla.com/News/Calcium-cyanamide-actue-effects/
Peripheral neuropathy was reported in one case of acute oral exposure in a human. Effects on liver enzymes have been reported in rats acutely exposed by ingestion. Acute animal tests in rats, mice, and rabbits have demonstrated calcium cyanamide to have moderate to high acute toxicity from oral exposure and high acute toxicity from dermal exposure.
Read more:http://www.chemicla.com/News/Calcium-cyanamide-actue-effects/
The Physical characteristics of Bismuth
Bismuth is a brittle metal with a white, silver-pink hue, often occurring in its native form with an iridescent oxide tarnish showing many colors from yellow to blue. The spiral stair stepped structure of a bismuth crystal is the result of a higher growth rate around the outside edges than on the inside edges. The variations in the thickness of the oxide layer that forms on the surface of the crystal causes different wavelengths of light to interfere upon reflection, thus displaying a rainbow of colors. When combusted with oxygen, bismuth burns with a blue flame and its oxide forms yellow fumes.Its toxicity is much lower than that of its neighbors in the periodic table such as lead, tin, tellurium, antimony, and polonium.
Although ununpentium is theoretically more diamagnetic, no other metal is verified to be more naturally diamagnetic than bismuth. It is the most diamagnetic of naturally occurring elements.(Superdiamagnetism is a different physical phenomenon.) Of any metal, it has the second lowest thermal conductivity (after mercury) and the highest Hall coefficient. It has a high electrical resistance.When deposited in sufficiently thin layers on a substrate, bismuth is a semiconductor, rather than a poor metal.Elemental bismuth is one of very few substances of which the liquid phase is denser than its solid phase (water being the best-known example). Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification; therefore, it was long an important component of low-melting typesetting alloys, where it compensated for the contraction of the other alloying components.Though virtually unseen in nature, high-purity bismuth can form distinctive colorful hopper crystals. Bismuth is relatively nontoxic and has a low melting point just above 271 °C, so crystals may be grown using a household stove, although the resulting crystals will tend to be lower quality than lab-grown crystals.
Read more:http://www.rare-metal-metals.com/News/The-Physical-characteristics-of-Bismuth-/
Although ununpentium is theoretically more diamagnetic, no other metal is verified to be more naturally diamagnetic than bismuth. It is the most diamagnetic of naturally occurring elements.(Superdiamagnetism is a different physical phenomenon.) Of any metal, it has the second lowest thermal conductivity (after mercury) and the highest Hall coefficient. It has a high electrical resistance.When deposited in sufficiently thin layers on a substrate, bismuth is a semiconductor, rather than a poor metal.Elemental bismuth is one of very few substances of which the liquid phase is denser than its solid phase (water being the best-known example). Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification; therefore, it was long an important component of low-melting typesetting alloys, where it compensated for the contraction of the other alloying components.Though virtually unseen in nature, high-purity bismuth can form distinctive colorful hopper crystals. Bismuth is relatively nontoxic and has a low melting point just above 271 °C, so crystals may be grown using a household stove, although the resulting crystals will tend to be lower quality than lab-grown crystals.
Read more:http://www.rare-metal-metals.com/News/The-Physical-characteristics-of-Bismuth-/
2011年7月28日星期四
Natural strontium as Osteopenia or Osteoporosis treatment
Strontium has been in the news as a natural Osteopenia and Osteoporosis treatment.Natural forms of this element have been discussed as Osteoporosis and Osteopenia treatments for some years. Many practitioners of natural and complementary medicine suggest itfor building stronger and more dense bones.
Read more:http://www.rare-metal-metals.com/News/233/
Read more:http://www.rare-metal-metals.com/News/233/
The Toxicity of chlorfluazuron
In laboratory animals, chlorfluazuron had very low acute toxicity if ingested, inhaled or exposed on the skin. It was slightly irritating to the eyes but did not cause skin irritation or allergic reactions when applied to the skin. Chlorfluazuron was absorbed only to a limited extent when swallowed and excreted mainly in the faeces.
Short and long-term exposure to low concentrations of chlorfluazuron in the diet was without serious consequences in animal studies. The only consistent finding was an increase in cholesterol levels. Chlorfluazuron did not cause birth defects in laboratory animals.
There is evidence to indicate that chlorfluazuron persists and bio-accumulates in the body. In rats, high levels of chlorfluazuron residues were deposited in fat and depletion was slow, with a depletion half-life of approximately 42 days. Goats and hens secreted chlorfluazuron into milk and egg yolk, respectively. If given in the diet of food-producing animals, there is a significant potential for accumulation and retention of residues in the fat and for excretion in milk.
As chlorfluazuron is used in subterranean termite baiting stations, public exposure is unlikely to occur. However, due to its persistent and bio-accumulative nature, care needs to be taken not to misuse the chemical.
Read more:http://www.reagent-online.com/News/The-Toxicity-of-chlorfluazuron/
Short and long-term exposure to low concentrations of chlorfluazuron in the diet was without serious consequences in animal studies. The only consistent finding was an increase in cholesterol levels. Chlorfluazuron did not cause birth defects in laboratory animals.
There is evidence to indicate that chlorfluazuron persists and bio-accumulates in the body. In rats, high levels of chlorfluazuron residues were deposited in fat and depletion was slow, with a depletion half-life of approximately 42 days. Goats and hens secreted chlorfluazuron into milk and egg yolk, respectively. If given in the diet of food-producing animals, there is a significant potential for accumulation and retention of residues in the fat and for excretion in milk.
As chlorfluazuron is used in subterranean termite baiting stations, public exposure is unlikely to occur. However, due to its persistent and bio-accumulative nature, care needs to be taken not to misuse the chemical.
Read more:http://www.reagent-online.com/News/The-Toxicity-of-chlorfluazuron/
The introduction of Erbium
Erbium is a chemical element in the lanthanide series, with the symbol Er and atomic number 68. A silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements on Earth. As such, it is a rare earth element which is associated with several other rare elements in the mineral gadolinite from Ytterby in Sweden.
Erbium's principal uses involve its pink-colored Er3+ ions, which have optical fluorescent properties particularly useful in certain laser applications. Erbium-doped glasses or crystals can be used as optical amplification media, where erbium (III) ions are optically pumped at around 980 nm or 1480 nm and then radiate light at 1530 nm in stimulated emission. This process results in an unusually mechanically simple laser optical amplifier for signals transmitted by fiber optics. The 1550 nm wavelength is especially important for optical communications because standard single mode optical fibers have minimal loss at this particular wavelength. In addition to optical fiber lasers, a large variety of medical applications (i.e. dermatology, dentistry) utilize erbium ion's 2940 nm emission (see Er:YAG laser), which is highly absorbed in water (absorption coefficient about 12,000/cm).
Read more:http://www.reagent-online.com/News/The-introduction-of-Erbium-/
Erbium's principal uses involve its pink-colored Er3+ ions, which have optical fluorescent properties particularly useful in certain laser applications. Erbium-doped glasses or crystals can be used as optical amplification media, where erbium (III) ions are optically pumped at around 980 nm or 1480 nm and then radiate light at 1530 nm in stimulated emission. This process results in an unusually mechanically simple laser optical amplifier for signals transmitted by fiber optics. The 1550 nm wavelength is especially important for optical communications because standard single mode optical fibers have minimal loss at this particular wavelength. In addition to optical fiber lasers, a large variety of medical applications (i.e. dermatology, dentistry) utilize erbium ion's 2940 nm emission (see Er:YAG laser), which is highly absorbed in water (absorption coefficient about 12,000/cm).
Read more:http://www.reagent-online.com/News/The-introduction-of-Erbium-/
About Thromboxane
Thromboxane is a member of the family of lipids known as eicosanoids. The two major thromboxanes are thromboxane A2 and thromboxane B2. The distinguishing feature of thromboxanes is a 6-membered ether-containing ring.
Thromboxane is named for its role in clot formation (thrombosis).
It is a vasoconstrictor and a potent hypertensive agent, and it facilitates platelet aggregation.It is in homeostatic balance in the circulatory system with prostacyclin, a related compound. The mechanism of secretion of thromboxanes from platelets is still unclear.
It is believed that the vasoconstriction caused by thromboxanes plays a role in Prinzmetal's angina. Omega-3 fatty acids have higher levels of TxA3 which is relatively less potent than TxA2 and PGI3; therefore, there is a balance shift toward vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation inhibition. It is believed that this shift in balance lowers the incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke.
Read more:http://www.growth-medium.com/Product/1499/
Thromboxane is named for its role in clot formation (thrombosis).
It is a vasoconstrictor and a potent hypertensive agent, and it facilitates platelet aggregation.It is in homeostatic balance in the circulatory system with prostacyclin, a related compound. The mechanism of secretion of thromboxanes from platelets is still unclear.
It is believed that the vasoconstriction caused by thromboxanes plays a role in Prinzmetal's angina. Omega-3 fatty acids have higher levels of TxA3 which is relatively less potent than TxA2 and PGI3; therefore, there is a balance shift toward vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation inhibition. It is believed that this shift in balance lowers the incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke.
Read more:http://www.growth-medium.com/Product/1499/
The introductions of growth medium
A growth medium or culture medium is a liquid or gel designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells,or small plants like the moss Physcomitrella patens.There are different types of media for growing different types of cells.There are two major types of growth media: those used for cell culture, which use specific cell types derived from plants or animals, and microbiological culture, which are used for growing microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeast. The most common growth media for microorganisms are nutrient broths and agar plates; specialized media are sometimes required for microorganism and cell culture growth.Some organisms, termed fastidious organisms, require specialized environments due to complex nutritional requirements. Viruses, for example, are obligate intracellular parasites and require a growth medium containing living cells.
Differential medium or indicator medium distinguish one microorganism type from another growing on the same media.[5] This type of media uses the biochemical characteristics of a microorganism growing in the presence of specific nutrients or indicators (such as neutral red, phenol red, eosin y, or methylene blue) added to the medium to visibly indicate the defining characteristics of a microorganism. This type of media is used for the detection of microorganisms and by molecular biologists to detect recombinant strains of bacteria.
Examples of differential medium include:
eosin methylene blue (EMB), which is differential for lactose and sucrose fermentation .
MacConkey (MCK), which is differential for lactose fermentation .
mannitol salt agar (MSA), which is differential for mannitol fermentation .
X-gal plates, which are differential for lac operon mutants .
Read more:http://www.growth-medium.com/News/The-introductions-of-growth-medium/
Differential medium or indicator medium distinguish one microorganism type from another growing on the same media.[5] This type of media uses the biochemical characteristics of a microorganism growing in the presence of specific nutrients or indicators (such as neutral red, phenol red, eosin y, or methylene blue) added to the medium to visibly indicate the defining characteristics of a microorganism. This type of media is used for the detection of microorganisms and by molecular biologists to detect recombinant strains of bacteria.
Examples of differential medium include:
eosin methylene blue (EMB), which is differential for lactose and sucrose fermentation .
MacConkey (MCK), which is differential for lactose fermentation .
mannitol salt agar (MSA), which is differential for mannitol fermentation .
X-gal plates, which are differential for lac operon mutants .
Read more:http://www.growth-medium.com/News/The-introductions-of-growth-medium/
The history of Atracurium besylate
Atracurium besylate was first synthesized in 1974 by George H. Dewar,[2] a pharmacist and a medicinal chemistry doctoral candidate in John B. Stenlake's medicinal chemistry research group in the Department of Pharmacy at the Strathclyde University, Scotland. Dewar first named this compound "33A74"[2] before its eventual emergence as atracurium. Atracurium was the culmination of a rational approach to drug design to produce the first non-depolarizing non-steroidal skeletal muscle relaxant that undergoes chemodegradation in vivo. The term chemodegradation was coined by Roger D. Waigh, PhD,[3] also a pharmacist and a postdoctoral researcher in Stenlake's research group. Atracurium was licensed by Strathclyde University to The Wellcome Foundation Ltd. UK, which developed the drug (then known as BW 33A[4]) and its introduction to first human trials in 1979,[5][6] and then eventually to its first introduction (as a mixture of all ten stereoisomers[7]) into clinical anesthetic practice in the UK, in 1983, under the tradename of Tracrium.
The premise to the design of atracurium and several of its congeners stemmed from the knowledge that a bis-quaternary structure is essential for neuromuscular blocking activity: ideally, therefore, a chemical entity devoid of this bis-quaternary structure via susceptibility to inactive breakdown products by enzymic-independent processes would prove to be invaluable in the clinical use of a drug with a predictable onset and duration of action. Hofmann elimination provided precisely this basis: it is a chemical process in which a suitably activated quaternary ammonium compound can be degraded by the mildly alkaline conditions present at physiological pH and temperature.[8] In effect, Hofmann elimination is a retro-Michael addition chemical process. It is important to note here that the physiological process of Hofmann elimination differs from the non-physiological Hofmann degradation process: the latter is a chemical reaction in which a quaternary ammonium hydoxide solid salt is heated to 100 °C, or an aqueous solution of the salt is boiled. Regardless of which Hofmann process is referenced, the end-products in both situations will be the same: an alkene and a tertiary amine.
The premise to the design of atracurium and several of its congeners stemmed from the knowledge that a bis-quaternary structure is essential for neuromuscular blocking activity: ideally, therefore, a chemical entity devoid of this bis-quaternary structure via susceptibility to inactive breakdown products by enzymic-independent processes would prove to be invaluable in the clinical use of a drug with a predictable onset and duration of action. Hofmann elimination provided precisely this basis: it is a chemical process in which a suitably activated quaternary ammonium compound can be degraded by the mildly alkaline conditions present at physiological pH and temperature.[8] In effect, Hofmann elimination is a retro-Michael addition chemical process. It is important to note here that the physiological process of Hofmann elimination differs from the non-physiological Hofmann degradation process: the latter is a chemical reaction in which a quaternary ammonium hydoxide solid salt is heated to 100 °C, or an aqueous solution of the salt is boiled. Regardless of which Hofmann process is referenced, the end-products in both situations will be the same: an alkene and a tertiary amine.
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