Glycyrrhizin is the main sweet-tasting compound from liquorice root. It is 30–50 times as sweet as sucrose (table sugar). Pure glycyrrhizin is odorless.In chemical terms, glycyrrhizin is a triterpenoid saponin glycoside of glycyrrhizic (or glycyrrhizinic) acid.[2] Upon hydrolysis, the glycoside loses its sweet taste and is converted to the aglycone glycyrrhetinic acid plus two molecules of glucuronic acid. The acid form is not particularly water-soluble, but its ammonium salt is soluble in water at pH greater than 4.5.
Although sweet, the taste sensation of glycyrrhizin is different from that of sugar. The sweetness of glycyrrhizin has a slower onset than sugar has, and lingers in the mouth for some time. Unlike the artificial sweetener aspartame, glycyrrhizin maintains its sweetness under heating.
In the United States, glycyrrhizin is classified as "generally recognized as safe" as a flavoring agent, although not as a sweetener. Glycyrrhizin is used as a flavoring in some candies, pharmaceuticals, and tobacco products.The European Union suggests people should not consume any more than 100 mg of glycyrrhizic acid a day, equivalent to approximately 50g of liquorice sweets.
From:http://natural-anti-aids.com/antiaids/Natural-HIV/Glycyrrhizin/
2011年8月12日星期五
Pramlintide Acetate
Pramlintide acetate (Symlin) is a relatively new adjunct for diabetes (both type 1 and 2), developed by Amylin Pharmaceuticals.
Pramlintide is an analogue of amylin, a small peptide hormone that is released into the bloodstream by the β-cells of the pancreas along with insulin, after a meal.Like insulin, amylin is deficient in individuals with diabetes.
By augmenting endogenous amylin, pramlintide aids in the absorption of glucose by slowing gastric emptying, promoting satiety via hypothalamic receptors (different receptors than for GLP-1), and inhibiting inappropriate secretion of glucagon, a catabolic hormone that opposes the effects of insulin and amylin.
From：http://www.polypeptides.net/polypeptides/Polypeptide/Pramlintide-Acetate/
Pramlintide is an analogue of amylin, a small peptide hormone that is released into the bloodstream by the β-cells of the pancreas along with insulin, after a meal.Like insulin, amylin is deficient in individuals with diabetes.
By augmenting endogenous amylin, pramlintide aids in the absorption of glucose by slowing gastric emptying, promoting satiety via hypothalamic receptors (different receptors than for GLP-1), and inhibiting inappropriate secretion of glucagon, a catabolic hormone that opposes the effects of insulin and amylin.
From：http://www.polypeptides.net/polypeptides/Polypeptide/Pramlintide-Acetate/
Nesiritide Acetate
Nesiritide (Natrecor) is the recombinant form of the 32 amino acid human B-type natriuretic peptide, which is normally produced by the ventricular myocardium. Nesiritide works to facilitate cardiovascular fluid homeostasis through counterregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldoesterone system, stimulating cyclic guanosine monophosphate, leading to smooth muscle cell relaxation.
An acetate is a derivative of acetic acid. This term includes salts and esters, as well as the anion found in solution. Most of the approximately 5 billion kilograms of acetic acid produced annually in industry are used in the production of acetates, which usually take the form of polymers. In nature, acetate is the most common building block for biosynthesis. For example, the fatty acids are produced by connecting C2 units derived from acetate.
From：http://www.polypeptides.net/polypeptides/Polypeptide/Nesiritide-Acetate/
An acetate is a derivative of acetic acid. This term includes salts and esters, as well as the anion found in solution. Most of the approximately 5 billion kilograms of acetic acid produced annually in industry are used in the production of acetates, which usually take the form of polymers. In nature, acetate is the most common building block for biosynthesis. For example, the fatty acids are produced by connecting C2 units derived from acetate.
From：http://www.polypeptides.net/polypeptides/Polypeptide/Nesiritide-Acetate/
DL-Tyrosine
Tyrosine (abbreviated as Tyr or Y)[1] or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, is one of the 20 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. Its codons are UAC and UAU. It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group. The word "tyrosine" is from the Greek tyri, meaning cheese, as it was first discovered in 1846 by German chemist Justus von Liebig in the protein casein from cheese.[2][3] It is called tyrosyl when referred to as a functional group or side chain.
From:http://www.aminophenol.net/DL-series-of-amino-acid/186/
From:http://www.aminophenol.net/DL-series-of-amino-acid/186/
Cholesteryl chloride (Cholesteryl chloride)
Cholesteryl chloride, also called 3-chlorocholest-5-ene or 3β-chlorocholest-5-ene, is an organic chemical, an organochloride derivate cholesterol. It is a liquid crystal material forming clockwise cholesteric liquid crystals. It is a transparent liquid, or a soft crystalline material with melting point around 94-96 °C.
It can be used with cholesteryl nonanoate, cholesteryl benzoate, and/or cholesteryl oleyl carbonate in some thermochromic liquid crystals.
It is used in some hair colors, make-ups, and some other cosmetic preparations.
It can be also used as a component of the liquid crystals used for liquid crystal displays.
From:http://www.cholesterin-cholesterol.com/cholesterol/Products/85/
It can be used with cholesteryl nonanoate, cholesteryl benzoate, and/or cholesteryl oleyl carbonate in some thermochromic liquid crystals.
It is used in some hair colors, make-ups, and some other cosmetic preparations.
It can be also used as a component of the liquid crystals used for liquid crystal displays.
From:http://www.cholesterin-cholesterol.com/cholesterol/Products/85/
How Do Muscles Work?
Certain muscles, the muscles of your heart and digestive system, are involuntary. They work by themselves, without consciously telling them to do something. Other muscles are voluntary, meaning that you order them to move. The two types of muscles are controlled by the brain. The brain sends an electrical signal in a series of nerve cells control the muscles to contract. This is done automatically by your brain with involuntary muscles and your brain with manually by the voluntary muscles.
Muscles consist of muscle filaments thick and thin. Muscle thick filaments are composed of myosin protein molecules stacked into a cylinder. Muscle thin filaments are made of actin protein that resembles a pair of pearl necklaces torsion. Two muscle filaments thick and thin are required for muscle contraction.
There are grooves in the thin muscle filaments that allow them to move along filaments of thick muscle. In these gorges are a pair of proteins called tropomyosin and troponin. They are key molecular switches in muscle contraction. Calcium ions are released to trigger the movement and proteins to help the thick filaments of myosin and thin actin filaments work together.
Muscles consist of muscle filaments thick and thin. Muscle thick filaments are composed of myosin protein molecules stacked into a cylinder. Muscle thin filaments are made of actin protein that resembles a pair of pearl necklaces torsion. Two muscle filaments thick and thin are required for muscle contraction.
There are grooves in the thin muscle filaments that allow them to move along filaments of thick muscle. In these gorges are a pair of proteins called tropomyosin and troponin. They are key molecular switches in muscle contraction. Calcium ions are released to trigger the movement and proteins to help the thick filaments of myosin and thin actin filaments work together.
From:
Side Effects of Sirolimus
Sirolimus, which is sold under the brand name Rapamune is a drug used to deliberately lower the body's defenses of the immune system. As a prescription drug, sirolimus is capable of causing a large number of side effects from depending on the size of dose, individual, and other variables.
Sirolimus is a prescription drug used specifically in the case of kidney transplants. By weakening the body's immune system, sirolimus prevents the body from rejecting the kidney. The weakened immune system does not recognize the new organ as foreign and therefore will not attack the organ. Recognized as an immunosuppressant, sirolimus blood cells of some blocks that would normally reject the organ.
The use of sirolimus may cause the following side effects: diarrhea, acne, headache, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, insomnia and constipation. Although less serious side effects can become serious if they persist or become bothersome. Closely monitor side effects and contact your doctor if symptoms worsen.
Drugs.com reports that sirolimus can cause serious side effects include: calf pain or swelling, yellowing of the skin, vision changes, unusual weight changes, irregular heartbeat, irregular urination, chest pain , mood swings, irritation and severe skin rash, muscle pain, difficulty breathing, swelling of the extremities, bleeding or bruising, weakness, tremors, skin growths, and a serious allergic reaction, including swelling of the face or throat. These side effects are serious and must be treated seriously. Seek immediate medical attention in the occurrence of any side effects before.
From: http://www.lactic-acid-bacteria.net/bulk-drug/RapamycinSirolimus/
Sirolimus is a prescription drug used specifically in the case of kidney transplants. By weakening the body's immune system, sirolimus prevents the body from rejecting the kidney. The weakened immune system does not recognize the new organ as foreign and therefore will not attack the organ. Recognized as an immunosuppressant, sirolimus blood cells of some blocks that would normally reject the organ.
The use of sirolimus may cause the following side effects: diarrhea, acne, headache, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, insomnia and constipation. Although less serious side effects can become serious if they persist or become bothersome. Closely monitor side effects and contact your doctor if symptoms worsen.
Drugs.com reports that sirolimus can cause serious side effects include: calf pain or swelling, yellowing of the skin, vision changes, unusual weight changes, irregular heartbeat, irregular urination, chest pain , mood swings, irritation and severe skin rash, muscle pain, difficulty breathing, swelling of the extremities, bleeding or bruising, weakness, tremors, skin growths, and a serious allergic reaction, including swelling of the face or throat. These side effects are serious and must be treated seriously. Seek immediate medical attention in the occurrence of any side effects before.
From: http://www.lactic-acid-bacteria.net/bulk-drug/RapamycinSirolimus/
Information on Donepezil
Donepezil is marketed under the brand name Aricept by Pfizer Corporation. It is used to treat people with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Aricept is manufactured in tablet form or oral solution. Assays do not come in 5 and 10 milligram doses. Currently there are no generic forms available Aricept. Eisai Inc., the drug manufacturer has a patent prevents other companies from duplicating work. However, this has not prevented "generic" versions of the drug to be sold illegally. The company warns consumers about the use of "generic", indicating that they may be potentially dangerous.
Donepezil may help reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, and is not a cure. It does not stop or reverse the cellular damage that occur in the brain. Initials are administered to 5 milligrams once a day. How does a person's body responds to this dose will be determined when the maintenance dose of 10 mg can be started. It usually takes several weeks before the drug affects are noticeable. Donepezil can be taken with or without food. Doses should be taken at the same time each day to maintain an even level of drug in the system.
Donepezil may help reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, and is not a cure. It does not stop or reverse the cellular damage that occur in the brain. Initials are administered to 5 milligrams once a day. How does a person's body responds to this dose will be determined when the maintenance dose of 10 mg can be started. It usually takes several weeks before the drug affects are noticeable. Donepezil can be taken with or without food. Doses should be taken at the same time each day to maintain an even level of drug in the system.
How Does Bug Spray Affect Insects?
Most bug sprays work by using an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Bug sprays with these chemicals inhibit the body's neurotransmitters signal processing in the brain of the insect and prevent signals from moving properly through the body. Without the appropriate signals to reach members of the insect, it is unable to move.
Acetylcholinesterase is the chemical in bug spray that breaks down acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is needed to transmit the directions from the brain of the insect to all vital organs. Once the insect is sprayed, the chemicals within the body begins, and slowly begins blocking neurotransmitters. As the chemicals within the body begins, acetylcholine is broken, and the bug will start to lose control of his extremities. The signals further deterioration and the bug moves its front legs, they are unable to move again. This process continues as the inhibitor moves further into the body of the insect. As it penetrates deeper, the signals from the brain of the insect is inhibited to reach the vital organs as well. Circulatory and respiratory systems are unable to respond to commands from the brain of the bug and start to close. The insect will lose control of all his motor functions and die quickly.
Acetylcholinesterase is the chemical in bug spray that breaks down acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is needed to transmit the directions from the brain of the insect to all vital organs. Once the insect is sprayed, the chemicals within the body begins, and slowly begins blocking neurotransmitters. As the chemicals within the body begins, acetylcholine is broken, and the bug will start to lose control of his extremities. The signals further deterioration and the bug moves its front legs, they are unable to move again. This process continues as the inhibitor moves further into the body of the insect. As it penetrates deeper, the signals from the brain of the insect is inhibited to reach the vital organs as well. Circulatory and respiratory systems are unable to respond to commands from the brain of the bug and start to close. The insect will lose control of all his motor functions and die quickly.
2011年8月11日星期四
What is Aconitine?
Aconitine is a highly toxic alkaloid from various species.It aconite is a neurotoxin that opens TTX-sensitive Na + channels in the heart and other tissues and is used to create models of cardiac arrhythmia. Aconitine has been used as an antipyretic and analgesic, and still has limited application in herbal medicine, although the narrow therapeutic index makes the calculation of the appropriate dose difficult.
Strong alkaloids, aconitine called after the name of the species are present in every part of the plant, but they are concentrated in the roots and seeds. Aconitine depressed heart rate, if eaten, it causes first a feeling like ants crawling on the skin, followed by numbness. At high doses it is fatal; with lower doses, it is used as a homeopathic remedy for restlessness, fear and sudden fever.
2011年8月10日星期三
Coomassie Stain solution
Coomassie Stain solution Destain solution : direction:
1) Remove SDS-PAGE gel from glass and rinse once in ddH2O in a suitable container with a lid. Try not to use a container much larger or much smaller then the gel.
2) Add enough Coomassie Stain to cover the gel by 1/2 inch (~ 1.5 cm).
3) Microwave on high power for 40 seconds to 1 minute (until the Coomassie Stain boils).
4) Incubate the gel in the Coomassie stain for 5 to 10 minutes on a rocking table. If you did not microwave the Coomassie/gel, incubate for at least 1 hour.
5) Pour off the Coomassie Stain. The Coomassie Stain can be recycled a couple of times by filtering it.
6) Rinse twice in ddH2O or used Destain solution to remove Coomassie Stain from the container.
7) Add fresh Destain solution to cover the gel by 3/4 inch (~ 2 cm).
8) Tie Kimwipes in a simple knot and place 4 of them in the Destain solution around the gel. Try to avoid laying the Kimwipes on the gel as this will cause an uneven destaining.
9) Microwave on high power for 40 seconds to 1 minute (until the Destain boils).
10) Incubate the gel in the Destain solution for 10 minutes on a rocking table. If you did not microwave the Coomassie/gel, incubate for at least 1 hour.
11) Discard the stained Kimwipes and replace with fresh knotted Kimwipes.
12) Incubate a second time for 10 minutes to overnight on a rocking table. Stop whenever the level of destaining is sufficient for you. Microwave again to speed up the process.
13) The used Destain solution can be recycled a couple of times by storing it in a sealed .
From:http://www.genetic-tests.net/readytouse-reagents/63/
1) Remove SDS-PAGE gel from glass and rinse once in ddH2O in a suitable container with a lid. Try not to use a container much larger or much smaller then the gel.
2) Add enough Coomassie Stain to cover the gel by 1/2 inch (~ 1.5 cm).
3) Microwave on high power for 40 seconds to 1 minute (until the Coomassie Stain boils).
4) Incubate the gel in the Coomassie stain for 5 to 10 minutes on a rocking table. If you did not microwave the Coomassie/gel, incubate for at least 1 hour.
5) Pour off the Coomassie Stain. The Coomassie Stain can be recycled a couple of times by filtering it.
6) Rinse twice in ddH2O or used Destain solution to remove Coomassie Stain from the container.
7) Add fresh Destain solution to cover the gel by 3/4 inch (~ 2 cm).
8) Tie Kimwipes in a simple knot and place 4 of them in the Destain solution around the gel. Try to avoid laying the Kimwipes on the gel as this will cause an uneven destaining.
9) Microwave on high power for 40 seconds to 1 minute (until the Destain boils).
10) Incubate the gel in the Destain solution for 10 minutes on a rocking table. If you did not microwave the Coomassie/gel, incubate for at least 1 hour.
11) Discard the stained Kimwipes and replace with fresh knotted Kimwipes.
12) Incubate a second time for 10 minutes to overnight on a rocking table. Stop whenever the level of destaining is sufficient for you. Microwave again to speed up the process.
13) The used Destain solution can be recycled a couple of times by storing it in a sealed .
From:http://www.genetic-tests.net/readytouse-reagents/63/
GM-CSF is a cytokine that functions as a white blood cell growth factor. GM-CSF stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and monocytes. Monocytes exit the circulation and migrate into tissue, whereupon they mature into macrophages. Thus, it is part of the immune/inflammatory cascade, by which activation of a small number of macrophages can rapidly lead to an increase in their numbers, a process crucial for fighting infection. The active form of the protein is found extracellularly as a homodimer.
GM-CSF is required for the growth and development of marrow progenitor cells. It also stimulates proliferation and differentiation of granulocytes and macrophages. GM-CSF has a stimulative effect on mature macrophages, neutrophilic granulocytes and acidophilic granulocytes.
From:http://www.genetic-tests.net/Recombinant-Proteins/29/
GM-CSF is required for the growth and development of marrow progenitor cells. It also stimulates proliferation and differentiation of granulocytes and macrophages. GM-CSF has a stimulative effect on mature macrophages, neutrophilic granulocytes and acidophilic granulocytes.
From:http://www.genetic-tests.net/Recombinant-Proteins/29/
Silicon Nanopowder
Silicon nanopowder possesses high purity, small and uniform particle diameters, large specific surface area, high surface activity, low loose loading density. Silicon (Si) Nanopowder is an exciting and relatively new material with the potential to revolutionize the electro-optic semiconductor, which means it is a highly inefficient source of light.
Silicon nanopowder finds potential applications in solid state lighting, lasers, microelectronics, biologicaal tags, etc. It may soon reside in a technically disruptive role in biological applications as it is non-toxic to the human body, in contrast to other related materials. Its narrow band photoluminescence can be tuned throughout the visible spectrum.
From:http://www.nano-powders.net/Silicon/Silicon-nanopowder/
Silicon nanopowder finds potential applications in solid state lighting, lasers, microelectronics, biologicaal tags, etc. It may soon reside in a technically disruptive role in biological applications as it is non-toxic to the human body, in contrast to other related materials. Its narrow band photoluminescence can be tuned throughout the visible spectrum.
From:http://www.nano-powders.net/Silicon/Silicon-nanopowder/
Aluminum Nitride Nanopowder
The general property and features of this product is that it is hard, high modulus, high dielectric, refractory, anti thermal shock, lower thermal expansion compatible with Silicon, excellent thermal conductivity. The nanopowder provides lower sintering temperature and higher strength & ductility from the compaction.This powder may be applied for the integrate circuit substrate, electronic devices, optical devices, thermal conductive devices, crucibles, composites with metal matrixes and polymer matrixes, the high temperature seal binders and electronic encapsulation materials.
Notes: The nanopowder needs to avoid direct sunshine. Moisture will result for agglomerations. Water is not recommended as dispersant without encapsulation.
Aluminum Nitride Nanopowder
97-99% , 10-20nm
Chemical formula: AlN
Purity: 97.5-99%
[O] < 1%
APS: 10-20 nm
SSA: 115 m2/g
True density: 3.26 g/cm3
Bulk density: 0.12 g/cm3
Crystal cell: Hexagonal
Color: Off White
Surface: Water-reactive
Aluminum Nitride Nanopowder may be utilized for the integrate circuit substrate, electronic devices, optical devices, thermal conductive devices, crucibles, composites with metal matrixes and polymer matrixes, the high temperature seal binders and electronic encapsulation materials.
From:http://www.nano-powders.net/Nitrides/Aluminum-Nitride-Nanopowder/
Notes: The nanopowder needs to avoid direct sunshine. Moisture will result for agglomerations. Water is not recommended as dispersant without encapsulation.
Aluminum Nitride Nanopowder
97-99% , 10-20nm
Chemical formula: AlN
Purity: 97.5-99%
[O] < 1%
APS: 10-20 nm
SSA: 115 m2/g
True density: 3.26 g/cm3
Bulk density: 0.12 g/cm3
Crystal cell: Hexagonal
Color: Off White
Surface: Water-reactive
Aluminum Nitride Nanopowder may be utilized for the integrate circuit substrate, electronic devices, optical devices, thermal conductive devices, crucibles, composites with metal matrixes and polymer matrixes, the high temperature seal binders and electronic encapsulation materials.
From:http://www.nano-powders.net/Nitrides/Aluminum-Nitride-Nanopowder/
What is Collagen?
Collagen is a type of protein. Fibrous in nature, it connects and supports other bodily tissues, such as skin, bone, tendons, muscles, and cartilage. It also supports the internal organs and is even present in teeth. There are more than 25 types of collagens that naturally occur in the body. Collagen is one of the most plentiful proteins present in the bodies of mammalscollagen as the glue that holds the body together. Without it, the body would, quite literally, fall apart., including humans. In fact, it makes up about 25 percent of the total amount of proteins in the body. Some people refer to Possessing great tensile strength, collagen functions in a manner that is very different from many other types of proteins. For example, it can be found both inside and outside of cells. Collagen fibers are important in contributing to the external structure of cells. However, they are present on the inside of some cells as well. Collagen works hand-in-hand with elastincollagen and elastin. in supporting the body’s tissues. Basically, it gives body tissues form and provides firmness and strength; elastin gives the same body tissues much need flexibility. This combination of collagen and elastin is very important in many parts of the body, including, but not limited to, the lungs, bones, and tendons. Even the blood vessels rely on both.
From:http://www.cosmetics-add.net/cosmeticsadd/moisturization/Collagen-/
From:http://www.cosmetics-add.net/cosmeticsadd/moisturization/Collagen-/
Infomation About Elastin
Elastin is a protein found in the skin and tissue of the body. It helps to keep skin flexible but tight, providing a bounce-back reaction if skin is pulled. Enough elastin in the skin means that the skin will return to its normal shape after a pull. It also helps keep skin smooth as it stretches to accommodate normal activities like flexing a muscle or opening and closing the mouth to talk or eat. Elastin tends to deplete as people age, resulting in wrinkled or stretched out skin. One might note the “pregnancy pouch” many women have many years after having a baby. In part, the leftover skin is a result of inadequate elastin, and also overstretching of the skin covering the abdomen during pregnancy. One may also note elastin listed as an ingredient in “anti-aging” skin care products. These elastin proteins are not from human sources-they typically are harvested from either cows or birds and in theory should promote better skin elasticity. Actually, elastin in skin products has been shown to have little effect on skin elasticity. It may form a coating on the skin that helps the skin better hold in moisture, but it will not provide more flexibility of the skin. Elastin in skin care products does not penetrate the skin layer, which would be needed in order to make the skin more elastic.
The use of Benzocaine
Benzocaine is a local anesthetic commonly used as a topical pain reliever. It is the active ingredient in many over-the-counter anesthetic ointments (e.g. products for oral ulcers of Anbesol by Wyeth, Kank+a by Blistex, Orabase B and Orajel by Del Pharmaceuticals, and Ultracare by Ultradent). It is also combined with antipyrine to form A/B Otic Drops, (Brand name Auralgan) to relieve earpain and remove cerumen.
Benzocaine has become the most commonly encountered sophisticated 'bulking agent' for cocaine in the UK.[6] It is being imported in barrels, often 25 kilograms, and sold within the domestic cocaine market where it is used to at least double the weight of imported cocaine. This cocaine is often then repressed into a block and stamped with a logo to suggest it has been freshly imported to the UK from source or transit locations. Benzocaine is visually very similar to cocaine and therefore does not detract from the appearance of quality. One of the other features of this substance is that it remains within the cocaine when it is subjected to Crack manufacture and has subsequently been attributed the slang name of 'magic'. Previous less compatible and inert cutting agents are evaporated within the process and therefore expose extensive adulteration. Benzocaine increases the volume of crack produced and disguises the lower quality or purity as it binds to the cocaine becoming visually indistinguishable within the Crack. The influence of benzocaine has been a significant contributor to the remarkable price increase in high purity cocaine in the UK since 2007 and the very low street quality when sold in heavily adulterated grams.
From：http://www.steroid-hormones.com/Other-steroids/23/
Benzocaine has become the most commonly encountered sophisticated 'bulking agent' for cocaine in the UK.[6] It is being imported in barrels, often 25 kilograms, and sold within the domestic cocaine market where it is used to at least double the weight of imported cocaine. This cocaine is often then repressed into a block and stamped with a logo to suggest it has been freshly imported to the UK from source or transit locations. Benzocaine is visually very similar to cocaine and therefore does not detract from the appearance of quality. One of the other features of this substance is that it remains within the cocaine when it is subjected to Crack manufacture and has subsequently been attributed the slang name of 'magic'. Previous less compatible and inert cutting agents are evaporated within the process and therefore expose extensive adulteration. Benzocaine increases the volume of crack produced and disguises the lower quality or purity as it binds to the cocaine becoming visually indistinguishable within the Crack. The influence of benzocaine has been a significant contributor to the remarkable price increase in high purity cocaine in the UK since 2007 and the very low street quality when sold in heavily adulterated grams.
From：http://www.steroid-hormones.com/Other-steroids/23/
The roles of corticosterone
In many species, including amphibians, reptiles, rodents and birds, corticosterone is a main glucocorticoid,[1] involved in regulation of fuel, immune reactions, and stress responses.
However, in humans, corticosterone is produced primarily in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. It has only weak glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid potencies in humans and is important mainly as an intermediate in the steroidogenic pathway from pregnenolone to aldosterone. Corticosterone is converted to aldosterone by aldosterone synthase, found only in the mitochondria of glomerulosa cells. Glomerulosa cells are found in the Zona glomerulosa, which is the most superficial region of endocrine cells in the adrenal cortex.
From:http://www.steroid-hormones.com/Cortical-Hormone/11/
However, in humans, corticosterone is produced primarily in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. It has only weak glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid potencies in humans and is important mainly as an intermediate in the steroidogenic pathway from pregnenolone to aldosterone. Corticosterone is converted to aldosterone by aldosterone synthase, found only in the mitochondria of glomerulosa cells. Glomerulosa cells are found in the Zona glomerulosa, which is the most superficial region of endocrine cells in the adrenal cortex.
From:http://www.steroid-hormones.com/Cortical-Hormone/11/
Sulfuric acid is a strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H2SO4. Its historical name is oil of vitriol. Pure sulfuric acid is a highly corrosive, colorless, viscous liquid. The salts of sulfuric acid are called sulfates. Sulfuric acid is soluble in water at all concentrations.
Sulfuric acid has many applications, and is a central substance in the chemical industry. Principal uses include lead-acid batteries for cars and other vehicles, ore processing, fertilizer manufacturing, oil refining, wastewater processing, and chemical synthesis.
Sulfuric acid Used in the production of chemical fertilizer, chemical, pharmaceutical, plastic, dyestuff, oil refining industry etc also widely used.
From:http://www.pharmaceutical-sales.net/products/Imported-reagents/Sulfuric-acid/
Sulfuric acid has many applications, and is a central substance in the chemical industry. Principal uses include lead-acid batteries for cars and other vehicles, ore processing, fertilizer manufacturing, oil refining, wastewater processing, and chemical synthesis.
Sulfuric acid Used in the production of chemical fertilizer, chemical, pharmaceutical, plastic, dyestuff, oil refining industry etc also widely used.
From:http://www.pharmaceutical-sales.net/products/Imported-reagents/Sulfuric-acid/
History of Molybdenite
Molybdenite—the principal ore from which molybdenum is now extracted—was previously known as molybdena. Molybdena was confused with and often implemented as though it were graphite. Like graphite, molybdenite can be used to black a surface or as a solid lubricant.Even when molybdena was distinguishable from graphite, it was still confused with a common lead ore (now called galena), which took its name from Ancient Greek Μ?molybdos, meaning lead Although apparent deliberate alloying of molybdenum with steel in one 14th century Japanese sword has been reported, that art was never employed widely and was later lost. In 1754, Bengt Andersson Qvist examined molybdenite and determined that it did not contain lead and was thus not the same as galena.
It was not until 1778 that Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele realized molybdena was neither graphite nor lead. He and other chemists then correctly assumed that it was the ore of a distinct new element, named molybdenum for the mineral in which it was discovered. Peter Jacob Hjelm successfully isolated molybdenum using carbon and linseed oil in 1781.For about a century following its isolation, there was no industrial use for molybdenum due to its relative scarcity, difficulty extracting the pure metal, and the immaturity of the metallurgical subfield. Early molybdenum steel alloys showed great promise in increased hardness, but efforts were hampered by inconsistent results and a tendency towards brittleness and recrystallization. In 1906, William D. Coolidge filed a patent for rendering molybdenum ductile, leading to use as a heating element for high temperature furnaces and as a support for tungsten filament light bulbs; oxide formation and degradation require that moly be physically sealed or held in an inert gas. In 1913, Frank E. Elmore developed a flotation process to recover molybdenite from ores; flotation remains the primary isolation process.
During the first World War, demand for molybdenum spiked; it was used both in armor plating and as a substitute for tungsten in high speed steels. Some British tanks were protected by 75 mm (3 in) manganese steel plating, but this proved to be ineffective. The manganese steel plates were replaced with 25 mm (1 in) molybdenum-steel plating allowing for higher speed, greater maneuverability, and better protection.[6] After the war, demand plummeted until metallurgical advances allowed extensive development of peacetime applications. In World War II, molybdenum again saw strategic importance as a substitute for tungsten in steel alloys.
From:http://www.rare-metal-metals.com/Rare-metal-product/Molybdenum/
It was not until 1778 that Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele realized molybdena was neither graphite nor lead. He and other chemists then correctly assumed that it was the ore of a distinct new element, named molybdenum for the mineral in which it was discovered. Peter Jacob Hjelm successfully isolated molybdenum using carbon and linseed oil in 1781.For about a century following its isolation, there was no industrial use for molybdenum due to its relative scarcity, difficulty extracting the pure metal, and the immaturity of the metallurgical subfield. Early molybdenum steel alloys showed great promise in increased hardness, but efforts were hampered by inconsistent results and a tendency towards brittleness and recrystallization. In 1906, William D. Coolidge filed a patent for rendering molybdenum ductile, leading to use as a heating element for high temperature furnaces and as a support for tungsten filament light bulbs; oxide formation and degradation require that moly be physically sealed or held in an inert gas. In 1913, Frank E. Elmore developed a flotation process to recover molybdenite from ores; flotation remains the primary isolation process.
During the first World War, demand for molybdenum spiked; it was used both in armor plating and as a substitute for tungsten in high speed steels. Some British tanks were protected by 75 mm (3 in) manganese steel plating, but this proved to be ineffective. The manganese steel plates were replaced with 25 mm (1 in) molybdenum-steel plating allowing for higher speed, greater maneuverability, and better protection.[6] After the war, demand plummeted until metallurgical advances allowed extensive development of peacetime applications. In World War II, molybdenum again saw strategic importance as a substitute for tungsten in steel alloys.
From:http://www.rare-metal-metals.com/Rare-metal-product/Molybdenum/
What is Titanium?
Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It has a low density and is a strong, lustrous, corrosion-resistant (including sea water, aqua regia and chlorine) transition metal with a silver color.
It is fairly hard (although not as hard as some grades of heat-treated steel), non-magnetic and a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Machining requires precautions, as the material will soften and gall if sharp tools and proper cooling methods are not used. Like those made from steel, titanium structures have a fatigue limit which guarantees longevity in some applications Titanium alloys specific stiffnesses are also usually not as good as other materials such as aluminium alloys and carbon fiber, so it is used less for structures which require high rigidity.
The most noted chemical property of titanium is its excellent resistance to corrosion; it is almost as resistant as platinum, capable of withstanding attack by dilute sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid as well as chlorine gas, chloride solutions, and most organic acids.
Titanium is used in steel as an alloying element (ferro-titanium) to reduce grain size and as a deoxidizer, and in stainless steel to reduce carbon content.
It is fairly hard (although not as hard as some grades of heat-treated steel), non-magnetic and a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Machining requires precautions, as the material will soften and gall if sharp tools and proper cooling methods are not used. Like those made from steel, titanium structures have a fatigue limit which guarantees longevity in some applications Titanium alloys specific stiffnesses are also usually not as good as other materials such as aluminium alloys and carbon fiber, so it is used less for structures which require high rigidity.
The most noted chemical property of titanium is its excellent resistance to corrosion; it is almost as resistant as platinum, capable of withstanding attack by dilute sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid as well as chlorine gas, chloride solutions, and most organic acids.
Titanium is used in steel as an alloying element (ferro-titanium) to reduce grain size and as a deoxidizer, and in stainless steel to reduce carbon content.
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