Glycyrrhizin is the main sweet-tasting compound from liquorice root. It is 30–50 times as sweet as sucrose (table sugar). Pure glycyrrhizin is odorless.In chemical terms, glycyrrhizin is a triterpenoid saponin glycoside of glycyrrhizic (or glycyrrhizinic) acid.[2] Upon hydrolysis, the glycoside loses its sweet taste and is converted to the aglycone glycyrrhetinic acid plus two molecules of glucuronic acid. The acid form is not particularly water-soluble, but its ammonium salt is soluble in water at pH greater than 4.5.
Although sweet, the taste sensation of glycyrrhizin is different from that of sugar. The sweetness of glycyrrhizin has a slower onset than sugar has, and lingers in the mouth for some time. Unlike the artificial sweetener aspartame, glycyrrhizin maintains its sweetness under heating.
In the United States, glycyrrhizin is classified as "generally recognized as safe" as a flavoring agent, although not as a sweetener. Glycyrrhizin is used as a flavoring in some candies, pharmaceuticals, and tobacco products.The European Union suggests people should not consume any more than 100 mg of glycyrrhizic acid a day, equivalent to approximately 50g of liquorice sweets.
From:http://natural-anti-aids.com/antiaids/Natural-HIV/Glycyrrhizin/
2011年8月12日星期五
Pramlintide Acetate
Pramlintide acetate (Symlin) is a relatively new adjunct for diabetes (both type 1 and 2), developed by Amylin Pharmaceuticals.
Pramlintide is an analogue of amylin, a small peptide hormone that is released into the bloodstream by the β-cells of the pancreas along with insulin, after a meal.Like insulin, amylin is deficient in individuals with diabetes.
By augmenting endogenous amylin, pramlintide aids in the absorption of glucose by slowing gastric emptying, promoting satiety via hypothalamic receptors (different receptors than for GLP-1), and inhibiting inappropriate secretion of glucagon, a catabolic hormone that opposes the effects of insulin and amylin.
From：http://www.polypeptides.net/polypeptides/Polypeptide/Pramlintide-Acetate/
Pramlintide is an analogue of amylin, a small peptide hormone that is released into the bloodstream by the β-cells of the pancreas along with insulin, after a meal.Like insulin, amylin is deficient in individuals with diabetes.
By augmenting endogenous amylin, pramlintide aids in the absorption of glucose by slowing gastric emptying, promoting satiety via hypothalamic receptors (different receptors than for GLP-1), and inhibiting inappropriate secretion of glucagon, a catabolic hormone that opposes the effects of insulin and amylin.
From：http://www.polypeptides.net/polypeptides/Polypeptide/Pramlintide-Acetate/
Nesiritide Acetate
Nesiritide (Natrecor) is the recombinant form of the 32 amino acid human B-type natriuretic peptide, which is normally produced by the ventricular myocardium. Nesiritide works to facilitate cardiovascular fluid homeostasis through counterregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldoesterone system, stimulating cyclic guanosine monophosphate, leading to smooth muscle cell relaxation.
An acetate is a derivative of acetic acid. This term includes salts and esters, as well as the anion found in solution. Most of the approximately 5 billion kilograms of acetic acid produced annually in industry are used in the production of acetates, which usually take the form of polymers. In nature, acetate is the most common building block for biosynthesis. For example, the fatty acids are produced by connecting C2 units derived from acetate.
From：http://www.polypeptides.net/polypeptides/Polypeptide/Nesiritide-Acetate/
An acetate is a derivative of acetic acid. This term includes salts and esters, as well as the anion found in solution. Most of the approximately 5 billion kilograms of acetic acid produced annually in industry are used in the production of acetates, which usually take the form of polymers. In nature, acetate is the most common building block for biosynthesis. For example, the fatty acids are produced by connecting C2 units derived from acetate.
From：http://www.polypeptides.net/polypeptides/Polypeptide/Nesiritide-Acetate/
DL-Tyrosine
Tyrosine (abbreviated as Tyr or Y)[1] or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, is one of the 20 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. Its codons are UAC and UAU. It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group. The word "tyrosine" is from the Greek tyri, meaning cheese, as it was first discovered in 1846 by German chemist Justus von Liebig in the protein casein from cheese.[2][3] It is called tyrosyl when referred to as a functional group or side chain.
From:http://www.aminophenol.net/DL-series-of-amino-acid/186/
From:http://www.aminophenol.net/DL-series-of-amino-acid/186/
Cholesteryl chloride (Cholesteryl chloride)
Cholesteryl chloride, also called 3-chlorocholest-5-ene or 3β-chlorocholest-5-ene, is an organic chemical, an organochloride derivate cholesterol. It is a liquid crystal material forming clockwise cholesteric liquid crystals. It is a transparent liquid, or a soft crystalline material with melting point around 94-96 °C.
It can be used with cholesteryl nonanoate, cholesteryl benzoate, and/or cholesteryl oleyl carbonate in some thermochromic liquid crystals.
It is used in some hair colors, make-ups, and some other cosmetic preparations.
It can be also used as a component of the liquid crystals used for liquid crystal displays.
From:http://www.cholesterin-cholesterol.com/cholesterol/Products/85/
It can be used with cholesteryl nonanoate, cholesteryl benzoate, and/or cholesteryl oleyl carbonate in some thermochromic liquid crystals.
It is used in some hair colors, make-ups, and some other cosmetic preparations.
It can be also used as a component of the liquid crystals used for liquid crystal displays.
From:http://www.cholesterin-cholesterol.com/cholesterol/Products/85/
How Do Muscles Work?
Certain muscles, the muscles of your heart and digestive system, are involuntary. They work by themselves, without consciously telling them to do something. Other muscles are voluntary, meaning that you order them to move. The two types of muscles are controlled by the brain. The brain sends an electrical signal in a series of nerve cells control the muscles to contract. This is done automatically by your brain with involuntary muscles and your brain with manually by the voluntary muscles.
Muscles consist of muscle filaments thick and thin. Muscle thick filaments are composed of myosin protein molecules stacked into a cylinder. Muscle thin filaments are made of actin protein that resembles a pair of pearl necklaces torsion. Two muscle filaments thick and thin are required for muscle contraction.
There are grooves in the thin muscle filaments that allow them to move along filaments of thick muscle. In these gorges are a pair of proteins called tropomyosin and troponin. They are key molecular switches in muscle contraction. Calcium ions are released to trigger the movement and proteins to help the thick filaments of myosin and thin actin filaments work together.
Muscles consist of muscle filaments thick and thin. Muscle thick filaments are composed of myosin protein molecules stacked into a cylinder. Muscle thin filaments are made of actin protein that resembles a pair of pearl necklaces torsion. Two muscle filaments thick and thin are required for muscle contraction.
There are grooves in the thin muscle filaments that allow them to move along filaments of thick muscle. In these gorges are a pair of proteins called tropomyosin and troponin. They are key molecular switches in muscle contraction. Calcium ions are released to trigger the movement and proteins to help the thick filaments of myosin and thin actin filaments work together.
From:
Side Effects of Sirolimus
Sirolimus, which is sold under the brand name Rapamune is a drug used to deliberately lower the body's defenses of the immune system. As a prescription drug, sirolimus is capable of causing a large number of side effects from depending on the size of dose, individual, and other variables.
Sirolimus is a prescription drug used specifically in the case of kidney transplants. By weakening the body's immune system, sirolimus prevents the body from rejecting the kidney. The weakened immune system does not recognize the new organ as foreign and therefore will not attack the organ. Recognized as an immunosuppressant, sirolimus blood cells of some blocks that would normally reject the organ.
The use of sirolimus may cause the following side effects: diarrhea, acne, headache, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, insomnia and constipation. Although less serious side effects can become serious if they persist or become bothersome. Closely monitor side effects and contact your doctor if symptoms worsen.
Drugs.com reports that sirolimus can cause serious side effects include: calf pain or swelling, yellowing of the skin, vision changes, unusual weight changes, irregular heartbeat, irregular urination, chest pain , mood swings, irritation and severe skin rash, muscle pain, difficulty breathing, swelling of the extremities, bleeding or bruising, weakness, tremors, skin growths, and a serious allergic reaction, including swelling of the face or throat. These side effects are serious and must be treated seriously. Seek immediate medical attention in the occurrence of any side effects before.
From: http://www.lactic-acid-bacteria.net/bulk-drug/RapamycinSirolimus/
Sirolimus is a prescription drug used specifically in the case of kidney transplants. By weakening the body's immune system, sirolimus prevents the body from rejecting the kidney. The weakened immune system does not recognize the new organ as foreign and therefore will not attack the organ. Recognized as an immunosuppressant, sirolimus blood cells of some blocks that would normally reject the organ.
The use of sirolimus may cause the following side effects: diarrhea, acne, headache, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, insomnia and constipation. Although less serious side effects can become serious if they persist or become bothersome. Closely monitor side effects and contact your doctor if symptoms worsen.
Drugs.com reports that sirolimus can cause serious side effects include: calf pain or swelling, yellowing of the skin, vision changes, unusual weight changes, irregular heartbeat, irregular urination, chest pain , mood swings, irritation and severe skin rash, muscle pain, difficulty breathing, swelling of the extremities, bleeding or bruising, weakness, tremors, skin growths, and a serious allergic reaction, including swelling of the face or throat. These side effects are serious and must be treated seriously. Seek immediate medical attention in the occurrence of any side effects before.
From: http://www.lactic-acid-bacteria.net/bulk-drug/RapamycinSirolimus/
Information on Donepezil
Donepezil is marketed under the brand name Aricept by Pfizer Corporation. It is used to treat people with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Aricept is manufactured in tablet form or oral solution. Assays do not come in 5 and 10 milligram doses. Currently there are no generic forms available Aricept. Eisai Inc., the drug manufacturer has a patent prevents other companies from duplicating work. However, this has not prevented "generic" versions of the drug to be sold illegally. The company warns consumers about the use of "generic", indicating that they may be potentially dangerous.
Donepezil may help reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, and is not a cure. It does not stop or reverse the cellular damage that occur in the brain. Initials are administered to 5 milligrams once a day. How does a person's body responds to this dose will be determined when the maintenance dose of 10 mg can be started. It usually takes several weeks before the drug affects are noticeable. Donepezil can be taken with or without food. Doses should be taken at the same time each day to maintain an even level of drug in the system.
Donepezil may help reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, and is not a cure. It does not stop or reverse the cellular damage that occur in the brain. Initials are administered to 5 milligrams once a day. How does a person's body responds to this dose will be determined when the maintenance dose of 10 mg can be started. It usually takes several weeks before the drug affects are noticeable. Donepezil can be taken with or without food. Doses should be taken at the same time each day to maintain an even level of drug in the system.
How Does Bug Spray Affect Insects?
Most bug sprays work by using an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Bug sprays with these chemicals inhibit the body's neurotransmitters signal processing in the brain of the insect and prevent signals from moving properly through the body. Without the appropriate signals to reach members of the insect, it is unable to move.
Acetylcholinesterase is the chemical in bug spray that breaks down acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is needed to transmit the directions from the brain of the insect to all vital organs. Once the insect is sprayed, the chemicals within the body begins, and slowly begins blocking neurotransmitters. As the chemicals within the body begins, acetylcholine is broken, and the bug will start to lose control of his extremities. The signals further deterioration and the bug moves its front legs, they are unable to move again. This process continues as the inhibitor moves further into the body of the insect. As it penetrates deeper, the signals from the brain of the insect is inhibited to reach the vital organs as well. Circulatory and respiratory systems are unable to respond to commands from the brain of the bug and start to close. The insect will lose control of all his motor functions and die quickly.
Acetylcholinesterase is the chemical in bug spray that breaks down acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is needed to transmit the directions from the brain of the insect to all vital organs. Once the insect is sprayed, the chemicals within the body begins, and slowly begins blocking neurotransmitters. As the chemicals within the body begins, acetylcholine is broken, and the bug will start to lose control of his extremities. The signals further deterioration and the bug moves its front legs, they are unable to move again. This process continues as the inhibitor moves further into the body of the insect. As it penetrates deeper, the signals from the brain of the insect is inhibited to reach the vital organs as well. Circulatory and respiratory systems are unable to respond to commands from the brain of the bug and start to close. The insect will lose control of all his motor functions and die quickly.
2011年8月11日星期四
What is Aconitine?
Aconitine is a highly toxic alkaloid from various species.It aconite is a neurotoxin that opens TTX-sensitive Na + channels in the heart and other tissues and is used to create models of cardiac arrhythmia. Aconitine has been used as an antipyretic and analgesic, and still has limited application in herbal medicine, although the narrow therapeutic index makes the calculation of the appropriate dose difficult.
Strong alkaloids, aconitine called after the name of the species are present in every part of the plant, but they are concentrated in the roots and seeds. Aconitine depressed heart rate, if eaten, it causes first a feeling like ants crawling on the skin, followed by numbness. At high doses it is fatal; with lower doses, it is used as a homeopathic remedy for restlessness, fear and sudden fever.
2011年8月10日星期三
Coomassie Stain solution
Coomassie Stain solution Destain solution : direction:
1) Remove SDS-PAGE gel from glass and rinse once in ddH2O in a suitable container with a lid. Try not to use a container much larger or much smaller then the gel.
2) Add enough Coomassie Stain to cover the gel by 1/2 inch (~ 1.5 cm).
3) Microwave on high power for 40 seconds to 1 minute (until the Coomassie Stain boils).
4) Incubate the gel in the Coomassie stain for 5 to 10 minutes on a rocking table. If you did not microwave the Coomassie/gel, incubate for at least 1 hour.
5) Pour off the Coomassie Stain. The Coomassie Stain can be recycled a couple of times by filtering it.
6) Rinse twice in ddH2O or used Destain solution to remove Coomassie Stain from the container.
7) Add fresh Destain solution to cover the gel by 3/4 inch (~ 2 cm).
8) Tie Kimwipes in a simple knot and place 4 of them in the Destain solution around the gel. Try to avoid laying the Kimwipes on the gel as this will cause an uneven destaining.
9) Microwave on high power for 40 seconds to 1 minute (until the Destain boils).
10) Incubate the gel in the Destain solution for 10 minutes on a rocking table. If you did not microwave the Coomassie/gel, incubate for at least 1 hour.
11) Discard the stained Kimwipes and replace with fresh knotted Kimwipes.
12) Incubate a second time for 10 minutes to overnight on a rocking table. Stop whenever the level of destaining is sufficient for you. Microwave again to speed up the process.
13) The used Destain solution can be recycled a couple of times by storing it in a sealed .
From:http://www.genetic-tests.net/readytouse-reagents/63/
1) Remove SDS-PAGE gel from glass and rinse once in ddH2O in a suitable container with a lid. Try not to use a container much larger or much smaller then the gel.
2) Add enough Coomassie Stain to cover the gel by 1/2 inch (~ 1.5 cm).
3) Microwave on high power for 40 seconds to 1 minute (until the Coomassie Stain boils).
4) Incubate the gel in the Coomassie stain for 5 to 10 minutes on a rocking table. If you did not microwave the Coomassie/gel, incubate for at least 1 hour.
5) Pour off the Coomassie Stain. The Coomassie Stain can be recycled a couple of times by filtering it.
6) Rinse twice in ddH2O or used Destain solution to remove Coomassie Stain from the container.
7) Add fresh Destain solution to cover the gel by 3/4 inch (~ 2 cm).
8) Tie Kimwipes in a simple knot and place 4 of them in the Destain solution around the gel. Try to avoid laying the Kimwipes on the gel as this will cause an uneven destaining.
9) Microwave on high power for 40 seconds to 1 minute (until the Destain boils).
10) Incubate the gel in the Destain solution for 10 minutes on a rocking table. If you did not microwave the Coomassie/gel, incubate for at least 1 hour.
11) Discard the stained Kimwipes and replace with fresh knotted Kimwipes.
12) Incubate a second time for 10 minutes to overnight on a rocking table. Stop whenever the level of destaining is sufficient for you. Microwave again to speed up the process.
13) The used Destain solution can be recycled a couple of times by storing it in a sealed .
From:http://www.genetic-tests.net/readytouse-reagents/63/
GM-CSF is a cytokine that functions as a white blood cell growth factor. GM-CSF stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and monocytes. Monocytes exit the circulation and migrate into tissue, whereupon they mature into macrophages. Thus, it is part of the immune/inflammatory cascade, by which activation of a small number of macrophages can rapidly lead to an increase in their numbers, a process crucial for fighting infection. The active form of the protein is found extracellularly as a homodimer.
GM-CSF is required for the growth and development of marrow progenitor cells. It also stimulates proliferation and differentiation of granulocytes and macrophages. GM-CSF has a stimulative effect on mature macrophages, neutrophilic granulocytes and acidophilic granulocytes.
From:http://www.genetic-tests.net/Recombinant-Proteins/29/
GM-CSF is required for the growth and development of marrow progenitor cells. It also stimulates proliferation and differentiation of granulocytes and macrophages. GM-CSF has a stimulative effect on mature macrophages, neutrophilic granulocytes and acidophilic granulocytes.
From:http://www.genetic-tests.net/Recombinant-Proteins/29/
Silicon Nanopowder
Silicon nanopowder possesses high purity, small and uniform particle diameters, large specific surface area, high surface activity, low loose loading density. Silicon (Si) Nanopowder is an exciting and relatively new material with the potential to revolutionize the electro-optic semiconductor, which means it is a highly inefficient source of light.
Silicon nanopowder finds potential applications in solid state lighting, lasers, microelectronics, biologicaal tags, etc. It may soon reside in a technically disruptive role in biological applications as it is non-toxic to the human body, in contrast to other related materials. Its narrow band photoluminescence can be tuned throughout the visible spectrum.
From:http://www.nano-powders.net/Silicon/Silicon-nanopowder/
Silicon nanopowder finds potential applications in solid state lighting, lasers, microelectronics, biologicaal tags, etc. It may soon reside in a technically disruptive role in biological applications as it is non-toxic to the human body, in contrast to other related materials. Its narrow band photoluminescence can be tuned throughout the visible spectrum.
From:http://www.nano-powders.net/Silicon/Silicon-nanopowder/
Aluminum Nitride Nanopowder
The general property and features of this product is that it is hard, high modulus, high dielectric, refractory, anti thermal shock, lower thermal expansion compatible with Silicon, excellent thermal conductivity. The nanopowder provides lower sintering temperature and higher strength & ductility from the compaction.This powder may be applied for the integrate circuit substrate, electronic devices, optical devices, thermal conductive devices, crucibles, composites with metal matrixes and polymer matrixes, the high temperature seal binders and electronic encapsulation materials.
Notes: The nanopowder needs to avoid direct sunshine. Moisture will result for agglomerations. Water is not recommended as dispersant without encapsulation.
Aluminum Nitride Nanopowder
97-99% , 10-20nm
Chemical formula: AlN
Purity: 97.5-99%
[O] < 1%
APS: 10-20 nm
SSA: 115 m2/g
True density: 3.26 g/cm3
Bulk density: 0.12 g/cm3
Crystal cell: Hexagonal
Color: Off White
Surface: Water-reactive
Aluminum Nitride Nanopowder may be utilized for the integrate circuit substrate, electronic devices, optical devices, thermal conductive devices, crucibles, composites with metal matrixes and polymer matrixes, the high temperature seal binders and electronic encapsulation materials.
From:http://www.nano-powders.net/Nitrides/Aluminum-Nitride-Nanopowder/
Notes: The nanopowder needs to avoid direct sunshine. Moisture will result for agglomerations. Water is not recommended as dispersant without encapsulation.
Aluminum Nitride Nanopowder
97-99% , 10-20nm
Chemical formula: AlN
Purity: 97.5-99%
[O] < 1%
APS: 10-20 nm
SSA: 115 m2/g
True density: 3.26 g/cm3
Bulk density: 0.12 g/cm3
Crystal cell: Hexagonal
Color: Off White
Surface: Water-reactive
Aluminum Nitride Nanopowder may be utilized for the integrate circuit substrate, electronic devices, optical devices, thermal conductive devices, crucibles, composites with metal matrixes and polymer matrixes, the high temperature seal binders and electronic encapsulation materials.
From:http://www.nano-powders.net/Nitrides/Aluminum-Nitride-Nanopowder/
What is Collagen?
Collagen is a type of protein. Fibrous in nature, it connects and supports other bodily tissues, such as skin, bone, tendons, muscles, and cartilage. It also supports the internal organs and is even present in teeth. There are more than 25 types of collagens that naturally occur in the body. Collagen is one of the most plentiful proteins present in the bodies of mammalscollagen as the glue that holds the body together. Without it, the body would, quite literally, fall apart., including humans. In fact, it makes up about 25 percent of the total amount of proteins in the body. Some people refer to Possessing great tensile strength, collagen functions in a manner that is very different from many other types of proteins. For example, it can be found both inside and outside of cells. Collagen fibers are important in contributing to the external structure of cells. However, they are present on the inside of some cells as well. Collagen works hand-in-hand with elastincollagen and elastin. in supporting the body’s tissues. Basically, it gives body tissues form and provides firmness and strength; elastin gives the same body tissues much need flexibility. This combination of collagen and elastin is very important in many parts of the body, including, but not limited to, the lungs, bones, and tendons. Even the blood vessels rely on both.
From:http://www.cosmetics-add.net/cosmeticsadd/moisturization/Collagen-/
From:http://www.cosmetics-add.net/cosmeticsadd/moisturization/Collagen-/
Infomation About Elastin
Elastin is a protein found in the skin and tissue of the body. It helps to keep skin flexible but tight, providing a bounce-back reaction if skin is pulled. Enough elastin in the skin means that the skin will return to its normal shape after a pull. It also helps keep skin smooth as it stretches to accommodate normal activities like flexing a muscle or opening and closing the mouth to talk or eat. Elastin tends to deplete as people age, resulting in wrinkled or stretched out skin. One might note the “pregnancy pouch” many women have many years after having a baby. In part, the leftover skin is a result of inadequate elastin, and also overstretching of the skin covering the abdomen during pregnancy. One may also note elastin listed as an ingredient in “anti-aging” skin care products. These elastin proteins are not from human sources-they typically are harvested from either cows or birds and in theory should promote better skin elasticity. Actually, elastin in skin products has been shown to have little effect on skin elasticity. It may form a coating on the skin that helps the skin better hold in moisture, but it will not provide more flexibility of the skin. Elastin in skin care products does not penetrate the skin layer, which would be needed in order to make the skin more elastic.
The use of Benzocaine
Benzocaine is a local anesthetic commonly used as a topical pain reliever. It is the active ingredient in many over-the-counter anesthetic ointments (e.g. products for oral ulcers of Anbesol by Wyeth, Kank+a by Blistex, Orabase B and Orajel by Del Pharmaceuticals, and Ultracare by Ultradent). It is also combined with antipyrine to form A/B Otic Drops, (Brand name Auralgan) to relieve earpain and remove cerumen.
Benzocaine has become the most commonly encountered sophisticated 'bulking agent' for cocaine in the UK.[6] It is being imported in barrels, often 25 kilograms, and sold within the domestic cocaine market where it is used to at least double the weight of imported cocaine. This cocaine is often then repressed into a block and stamped with a logo to suggest it has been freshly imported to the UK from source or transit locations. Benzocaine is visually very similar to cocaine and therefore does not detract from the appearance of quality. One of the other features of this substance is that it remains within the cocaine when it is subjected to Crack manufacture and has subsequently been attributed the slang name of 'magic'. Previous less compatible and inert cutting agents are evaporated within the process and therefore expose extensive adulteration. Benzocaine increases the volume of crack produced and disguises the lower quality or purity as it binds to the cocaine becoming visually indistinguishable within the Crack. The influence of benzocaine has been a significant contributor to the remarkable price increase in high purity cocaine in the UK since 2007 and the very low street quality when sold in heavily adulterated grams.
From：http://www.steroid-hormones.com/Other-steroids/23/
Benzocaine has become the most commonly encountered sophisticated 'bulking agent' for cocaine in the UK.[6] It is being imported in barrels, often 25 kilograms, and sold within the domestic cocaine market where it is used to at least double the weight of imported cocaine. This cocaine is often then repressed into a block and stamped with a logo to suggest it has been freshly imported to the UK from source or transit locations. Benzocaine is visually very similar to cocaine and therefore does not detract from the appearance of quality. One of the other features of this substance is that it remains within the cocaine when it is subjected to Crack manufacture and has subsequently been attributed the slang name of 'magic'. Previous less compatible and inert cutting agents are evaporated within the process and therefore expose extensive adulteration. Benzocaine increases the volume of crack produced and disguises the lower quality or purity as it binds to the cocaine becoming visually indistinguishable within the Crack. The influence of benzocaine has been a significant contributor to the remarkable price increase in high purity cocaine in the UK since 2007 and the very low street quality when sold in heavily adulterated grams.
From：http://www.steroid-hormones.com/Other-steroids/23/
The roles of corticosterone
In many species, including amphibians, reptiles, rodents and birds, corticosterone is a main glucocorticoid,[1] involved in regulation of fuel, immune reactions, and stress responses.
However, in humans, corticosterone is produced primarily in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. It has only weak glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid potencies in humans and is important mainly as an intermediate in the steroidogenic pathway from pregnenolone to aldosterone. Corticosterone is converted to aldosterone by aldosterone synthase, found only in the mitochondria of glomerulosa cells. Glomerulosa cells are found in the Zona glomerulosa, which is the most superficial region of endocrine cells in the adrenal cortex.
From:http://www.steroid-hormones.com/Cortical-Hormone/11/
However, in humans, corticosterone is produced primarily in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. It has only weak glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid potencies in humans and is important mainly as an intermediate in the steroidogenic pathway from pregnenolone to aldosterone. Corticosterone is converted to aldosterone by aldosterone synthase, found only in the mitochondria of glomerulosa cells. Glomerulosa cells are found in the Zona glomerulosa, which is the most superficial region of endocrine cells in the adrenal cortex.
From:http://www.steroid-hormones.com/Cortical-Hormone/11/
Sulfuric acid is a strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H2SO4. Its historical name is oil of vitriol. Pure sulfuric acid is a highly corrosive, colorless, viscous liquid. The salts of sulfuric acid are called sulfates. Sulfuric acid is soluble in water at all concentrations.
Sulfuric acid has many applications, and is a central substance in the chemical industry. Principal uses include lead-acid batteries for cars and other vehicles, ore processing, fertilizer manufacturing, oil refining, wastewater processing, and chemical synthesis.
Sulfuric acid Used in the production of chemical fertilizer, chemical, pharmaceutical, plastic, dyestuff, oil refining industry etc also widely used.
From:http://www.pharmaceutical-sales.net/products/Imported-reagents/Sulfuric-acid/
Sulfuric acid has many applications, and is a central substance in the chemical industry. Principal uses include lead-acid batteries for cars and other vehicles, ore processing, fertilizer manufacturing, oil refining, wastewater processing, and chemical synthesis.
Sulfuric acid Used in the production of chemical fertilizer, chemical, pharmaceutical, plastic, dyestuff, oil refining industry etc also widely used.
From:http://www.pharmaceutical-sales.net/products/Imported-reagents/Sulfuric-acid/
History of Molybdenite
Molybdenite—the principal ore from which molybdenum is now extracted—was previously known as molybdena. Molybdena was confused with and often implemented as though it were graphite. Like graphite, molybdenite can be used to black a surface or as a solid lubricant.Even when molybdena was distinguishable from graphite, it was still confused with a common lead ore (now called galena), which took its name from Ancient Greek Μ?molybdos, meaning lead Although apparent deliberate alloying of molybdenum with steel in one 14th century Japanese sword has been reported, that art was never employed widely and was later lost. In 1754, Bengt Andersson Qvist examined molybdenite and determined that it did not contain lead and was thus not the same as galena.
It was not until 1778 that Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele realized molybdena was neither graphite nor lead. He and other chemists then correctly assumed that it was the ore of a distinct new element, named molybdenum for the mineral in which it was discovered. Peter Jacob Hjelm successfully isolated molybdenum using carbon and linseed oil in 1781.For about a century following its isolation, there was no industrial use for molybdenum due to its relative scarcity, difficulty extracting the pure metal, and the immaturity of the metallurgical subfield. Early molybdenum steel alloys showed great promise in increased hardness, but efforts were hampered by inconsistent results and a tendency towards brittleness and recrystallization. In 1906, William D. Coolidge filed a patent for rendering molybdenum ductile, leading to use as a heating element for high temperature furnaces and as a support for tungsten filament light bulbs; oxide formation and degradation require that moly be physically sealed or held in an inert gas. In 1913, Frank E. Elmore developed a flotation process to recover molybdenite from ores; flotation remains the primary isolation process.
During the first World War, demand for molybdenum spiked; it was used both in armor plating and as a substitute for tungsten in high speed steels. Some British tanks were protected by 75 mm (3 in) manganese steel plating, but this proved to be ineffective. The manganese steel plates were replaced with 25 mm (1 in) molybdenum-steel plating allowing for higher speed, greater maneuverability, and better protection.[6] After the war, demand plummeted until metallurgical advances allowed extensive development of peacetime applications. In World War II, molybdenum again saw strategic importance as a substitute for tungsten in steel alloys.
From:http://www.rare-metal-metals.com/Rare-metal-product/Molybdenum/
It was not until 1778 that Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele realized molybdena was neither graphite nor lead. He and other chemists then correctly assumed that it was the ore of a distinct new element, named molybdenum for the mineral in which it was discovered. Peter Jacob Hjelm successfully isolated molybdenum using carbon and linseed oil in 1781.For about a century following its isolation, there was no industrial use for molybdenum due to its relative scarcity, difficulty extracting the pure metal, and the immaturity of the metallurgical subfield. Early molybdenum steel alloys showed great promise in increased hardness, but efforts were hampered by inconsistent results and a tendency towards brittleness and recrystallization. In 1906, William D. Coolidge filed a patent for rendering molybdenum ductile, leading to use as a heating element for high temperature furnaces and as a support for tungsten filament light bulbs; oxide formation and degradation require that moly be physically sealed or held in an inert gas. In 1913, Frank E. Elmore developed a flotation process to recover molybdenite from ores; flotation remains the primary isolation process.
During the first World War, demand for molybdenum spiked; it was used both in armor plating and as a substitute for tungsten in high speed steels. Some British tanks were protected by 75 mm (3 in) manganese steel plating, but this proved to be ineffective. The manganese steel plates were replaced with 25 mm (1 in) molybdenum-steel plating allowing for higher speed, greater maneuverability, and better protection.[6] After the war, demand plummeted until metallurgical advances allowed extensive development of peacetime applications. In World War II, molybdenum again saw strategic importance as a substitute for tungsten in steel alloys.
From:http://www.rare-metal-metals.com/Rare-metal-product/Molybdenum/
What is Titanium?
Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It has a low density and is a strong, lustrous, corrosion-resistant (including sea water, aqua regia and chlorine) transition metal with a silver color.
It is fairly hard (although not as hard as some grades of heat-treated steel), non-magnetic and a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Machining requires precautions, as the material will soften and gall if sharp tools and proper cooling methods are not used. Like those made from steel, titanium structures have a fatigue limit which guarantees longevity in some applications Titanium alloys specific stiffnesses are also usually not as good as other materials such as aluminium alloys and carbon fiber, so it is used less for structures which require high rigidity.
The most noted chemical property of titanium is its excellent resistance to corrosion; it is almost as resistant as platinum, capable of withstanding attack by dilute sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid as well as chlorine gas, chloride solutions, and most organic acids.
Titanium is used in steel as an alloying element (ferro-titanium) to reduce grain size and as a deoxidizer, and in stainless steel to reduce carbon content.
It is fairly hard (although not as hard as some grades of heat-treated steel), non-magnetic and a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Machining requires precautions, as the material will soften and gall if sharp tools and proper cooling methods are not used. Like those made from steel, titanium structures have a fatigue limit which guarantees longevity in some applications Titanium alloys specific stiffnesses are also usually not as good as other materials such as aluminium alloys and carbon fiber, so it is used less for structures which require high rigidity.
The most noted chemical property of titanium is its excellent resistance to corrosion; it is almost as resistant as platinum, capable of withstanding attack by dilute sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid as well as chlorine gas, chloride solutions, and most organic acids.
Titanium is used in steel as an alloying element (ferro-titanium) to reduce grain size and as a deoxidizer, and in stainless steel to reduce carbon content.
2011年7月29日星期五
Tetracosactide acetate precautions
Tetracosactide acetate is similar to a chemical called corticotropic hormone which is found in the body. Tetracosactide acetate is used to test the function of the adrenal glands. It may also be used as an alternative to treatment with corticosteroids in conditions such as arthritis or certain types of inflammatory bowel disease Other information about Tetracosactide acetate: this preparation may contain benzyl alcohol. You should check the Patient Information Leaflet that comes with this medicine to see if it does. Benzyl alcohol may not be suitable for everyone. It should not be given to children under three years of age. For more information, check with your prescriber Tetracosactide acetate is given to you by a healthcare professional. The person responsible for giving you your medicine will make sure that you get the right dose. If you feel unwell after having the medicine then talk to your prescriber or someone involved in your medical care.
Read more:http://www.polypeptides.net/News/Tetracosactide-acetate-precautions/
Read more:http://www.polypeptides.net/News/Tetracosactide-acetate-precautions/
Calcium cyanamide actue effects
Calcium cyanamide is used as a fertilizer, pesticide, and in the manufacture of other chemicals. It is irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract in humans. Calcium cyanamide is irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract in humans. Acute inhalation exposure may cause gastritis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and tracheobronchitis. Acute oral exposure of humans may cause a vasomotor reaction, resulting in intense localized erythematous flushing of the face, upper body, and arms, with headache, dizziness, fatigue, vertigo, congestion of the mucosa, nausea, and vomiting also reported. Tachycardia and hypotension have also been observed in humans following acute oral exposure.
Peripheral neuropathy was reported in one case of acute oral exposure in a human. Effects on liver enzymes have been reported in rats acutely exposed by ingestion. Acute animal tests in rats, mice, and rabbits have demonstrated calcium cyanamide to have moderate to high acute toxicity from oral exposure and high acute toxicity from dermal exposure.
Read more:http://www.chemicla.com/News/Calcium-cyanamide-actue-effects/
Peripheral neuropathy was reported in one case of acute oral exposure in a human. Effects on liver enzymes have been reported in rats acutely exposed by ingestion. Acute animal tests in rats, mice, and rabbits have demonstrated calcium cyanamide to have moderate to high acute toxicity from oral exposure and high acute toxicity from dermal exposure.
Read more:http://www.chemicla.com/News/Calcium-cyanamide-actue-effects/
The Physical characteristics of Bismuth
Bismuth is a brittle metal with a white, silver-pink hue, often occurring in its native form with an iridescent oxide tarnish showing many colors from yellow to blue. The spiral stair stepped structure of a bismuth crystal is the result of a higher growth rate around the outside edges than on the inside edges. The variations in the thickness of the oxide layer that forms on the surface of the crystal causes different wavelengths of light to interfere upon reflection, thus displaying a rainbow of colors. When combusted with oxygen, bismuth burns with a blue flame and its oxide forms yellow fumes.Its toxicity is much lower than that of its neighbors in the periodic table such as lead, tin, tellurium, antimony, and polonium.
Although ununpentium is theoretically more diamagnetic, no other metal is verified to be more naturally diamagnetic than bismuth. It is the most diamagnetic of naturally occurring elements.(Superdiamagnetism is a different physical phenomenon.) Of any metal, it has the second lowest thermal conductivity (after mercury) and the highest Hall coefficient. It has a high electrical resistance.When deposited in sufficiently thin layers on a substrate, bismuth is a semiconductor, rather than a poor metal.Elemental bismuth is one of very few substances of which the liquid phase is denser than its solid phase (water being the best-known example). Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification; therefore, it was long an important component of low-melting typesetting alloys, where it compensated for the contraction of the other alloying components.Though virtually unseen in nature, high-purity bismuth can form distinctive colorful hopper crystals. Bismuth is relatively nontoxic and has a low melting point just above 271 °C, so crystals may be grown using a household stove, although the resulting crystals will tend to be lower quality than lab-grown crystals.
Read more:http://www.rare-metal-metals.com/News/The-Physical-characteristics-of-Bismuth-/
Although ununpentium is theoretically more diamagnetic, no other metal is verified to be more naturally diamagnetic than bismuth. It is the most diamagnetic of naturally occurring elements.(Superdiamagnetism is a different physical phenomenon.) Of any metal, it has the second lowest thermal conductivity (after mercury) and the highest Hall coefficient. It has a high electrical resistance.When deposited in sufficiently thin layers on a substrate, bismuth is a semiconductor, rather than a poor metal.Elemental bismuth is one of very few substances of which the liquid phase is denser than its solid phase (water being the best-known example). Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification; therefore, it was long an important component of low-melting typesetting alloys, where it compensated for the contraction of the other alloying components.Though virtually unseen in nature, high-purity bismuth can form distinctive colorful hopper crystals. Bismuth is relatively nontoxic and has a low melting point just above 271 °C, so crystals may be grown using a household stove, although the resulting crystals will tend to be lower quality than lab-grown crystals.
Read more:http://www.rare-metal-metals.com/News/The-Physical-characteristics-of-Bismuth-/
2011年7月28日星期四
Natural strontium as Osteopenia or Osteoporosis treatment
Strontium has been in the news as a natural Osteopenia and Osteoporosis treatment.Natural forms of this element have been discussed as Osteoporosis and Osteopenia treatments for some years. Many practitioners of natural and complementary medicine suggest itfor building stronger and more dense bones.
Read more:http://www.rare-metal-metals.com/News/233/
Read more:http://www.rare-metal-metals.com/News/233/
The Toxicity of chlorfluazuron
In laboratory animals, chlorfluazuron had very low acute toxicity if ingested, inhaled or exposed on the skin. It was slightly irritating to the eyes but did not cause skin irritation or allergic reactions when applied to the skin. Chlorfluazuron was absorbed only to a limited extent when swallowed and excreted mainly in the faeces.
Short and long-term exposure to low concentrations of chlorfluazuron in the diet was without serious consequences in animal studies. The only consistent finding was an increase in cholesterol levels. Chlorfluazuron did not cause birth defects in laboratory animals.
There is evidence to indicate that chlorfluazuron persists and bio-accumulates in the body. In rats, high levels of chlorfluazuron residues were deposited in fat and depletion was slow, with a depletion half-life of approximately 42 days. Goats and hens secreted chlorfluazuron into milk and egg yolk, respectively. If given in the diet of food-producing animals, there is a significant potential for accumulation and retention of residues in the fat and for excretion in milk.
As chlorfluazuron is used in subterranean termite baiting stations, public exposure is unlikely to occur. However, due to its persistent and bio-accumulative nature, care needs to be taken not to misuse the chemical.
Read more:http://www.reagent-online.com/News/The-Toxicity-of-chlorfluazuron/
Short and long-term exposure to low concentrations of chlorfluazuron in the diet was without serious consequences in animal studies. The only consistent finding was an increase in cholesterol levels. Chlorfluazuron did not cause birth defects in laboratory animals.
There is evidence to indicate that chlorfluazuron persists and bio-accumulates in the body. In rats, high levels of chlorfluazuron residues were deposited in fat and depletion was slow, with a depletion half-life of approximately 42 days. Goats and hens secreted chlorfluazuron into milk and egg yolk, respectively. If given in the diet of food-producing animals, there is a significant potential for accumulation and retention of residues in the fat and for excretion in milk.
As chlorfluazuron is used in subterranean termite baiting stations, public exposure is unlikely to occur. However, due to its persistent and bio-accumulative nature, care needs to be taken not to misuse the chemical.
Read more:http://www.reagent-online.com/News/The-Toxicity-of-chlorfluazuron/
The introduction of Erbium
Erbium is a chemical element in the lanthanide series, with the symbol Er and atomic number 68. A silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements on Earth. As such, it is a rare earth element which is associated with several other rare elements in the mineral gadolinite from Ytterby in Sweden.
Erbium's principal uses involve its pink-colored Er3+ ions, which have optical fluorescent properties particularly useful in certain laser applications. Erbium-doped glasses or crystals can be used as optical amplification media, where erbium (III) ions are optically pumped at around 980 nm or 1480 nm and then radiate light at 1530 nm in stimulated emission. This process results in an unusually mechanically simple laser optical amplifier for signals transmitted by fiber optics. The 1550 nm wavelength is especially important for optical communications because standard single mode optical fibers have minimal loss at this particular wavelength. In addition to optical fiber lasers, a large variety of medical applications (i.e. dermatology, dentistry) utilize erbium ion's 2940 nm emission (see Er:YAG laser), which is highly absorbed in water (absorption coefficient about 12,000/cm).
Read more:http://www.reagent-online.com/News/The-introduction-of-Erbium-/
Erbium's principal uses involve its pink-colored Er3+ ions, which have optical fluorescent properties particularly useful in certain laser applications. Erbium-doped glasses or crystals can be used as optical amplification media, where erbium (III) ions are optically pumped at around 980 nm or 1480 nm and then radiate light at 1530 nm in stimulated emission. This process results in an unusually mechanically simple laser optical amplifier for signals transmitted by fiber optics. The 1550 nm wavelength is especially important for optical communications because standard single mode optical fibers have minimal loss at this particular wavelength. In addition to optical fiber lasers, a large variety of medical applications (i.e. dermatology, dentistry) utilize erbium ion's 2940 nm emission (see Er:YAG laser), which is highly absorbed in water (absorption coefficient about 12,000/cm).
Read more:http://www.reagent-online.com/News/The-introduction-of-Erbium-/
About Thromboxane
Thromboxane is a member of the family of lipids known as eicosanoids. The two major thromboxanes are thromboxane A2 and thromboxane B2. The distinguishing feature of thromboxanes is a 6-membered ether-containing ring.
Thromboxane is named for its role in clot formation (thrombosis).
It is a vasoconstrictor and a potent hypertensive agent, and it facilitates platelet aggregation.It is in homeostatic balance in the circulatory system with prostacyclin, a related compound. The mechanism of secretion of thromboxanes from platelets is still unclear.
It is believed that the vasoconstriction caused by thromboxanes plays a role in Prinzmetal's angina. Omega-3 fatty acids have higher levels of TxA3 which is relatively less potent than TxA2 and PGI3; therefore, there is a balance shift toward vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation inhibition. It is believed that this shift in balance lowers the incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke.
Read more:http://www.growth-medium.com/Product/1499/
Thromboxane is named for its role in clot formation (thrombosis).
It is a vasoconstrictor and a potent hypertensive agent, and it facilitates platelet aggregation.It is in homeostatic balance in the circulatory system with prostacyclin, a related compound. The mechanism of secretion of thromboxanes from platelets is still unclear.
It is believed that the vasoconstriction caused by thromboxanes plays a role in Prinzmetal's angina. Omega-3 fatty acids have higher levels of TxA3 which is relatively less potent than TxA2 and PGI3; therefore, there is a balance shift toward vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation inhibition. It is believed that this shift in balance lowers the incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke.
Read more:http://www.growth-medium.com/Product/1499/
The introductions of growth medium
A growth medium or culture medium is a liquid or gel designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells,or small plants like the moss Physcomitrella patens.There are different types of media for growing different types of cells.There are two major types of growth media: those used for cell culture, which use specific cell types derived from plants or animals, and microbiological culture, which are used for growing microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeast. The most common growth media for microorganisms are nutrient broths and agar plates; specialized media are sometimes required for microorganism and cell culture growth.Some organisms, termed fastidious organisms, require specialized environments due to complex nutritional requirements. Viruses, for example, are obligate intracellular parasites and require a growth medium containing living cells.
Differential medium or indicator medium distinguish one microorganism type from another growing on the same media.[5] This type of media uses the biochemical characteristics of a microorganism growing in the presence of specific nutrients or indicators (such as neutral red, phenol red, eosin y, or methylene blue) added to the medium to visibly indicate the defining characteristics of a microorganism. This type of media is used for the detection of microorganisms and by molecular biologists to detect recombinant strains of bacteria.
Examples of differential medium include:
eosin methylene blue (EMB), which is differential for lactose and sucrose fermentation .
MacConkey (MCK), which is differential for lactose fermentation .
mannitol salt agar (MSA), which is differential for mannitol fermentation .
X-gal plates, which are differential for lac operon mutants .
Read more:http://www.growth-medium.com/News/The-introductions-of-growth-medium/
Differential medium or indicator medium distinguish one microorganism type from another growing on the same media.[5] This type of media uses the biochemical characteristics of a microorganism growing in the presence of specific nutrients or indicators (such as neutral red, phenol red, eosin y, or methylene blue) added to the medium to visibly indicate the defining characteristics of a microorganism. This type of media is used for the detection of microorganisms and by molecular biologists to detect recombinant strains of bacteria.
Examples of differential medium include:
eosin methylene blue (EMB), which is differential for lactose and sucrose fermentation .
MacConkey (MCK), which is differential for lactose fermentation .
mannitol salt agar (MSA), which is differential for mannitol fermentation .
X-gal plates, which are differential for lac operon mutants .
Read more:http://www.growth-medium.com/News/The-introductions-of-growth-medium/
The history of Atracurium besylate
Atracurium besylate was first synthesized in 1974 by George H. Dewar,[2] a pharmacist and a medicinal chemistry doctoral candidate in John B. Stenlake's medicinal chemistry research group in the Department of Pharmacy at the Strathclyde University, Scotland. Dewar first named this compound "33A74"[2] before its eventual emergence as atracurium. Atracurium was the culmination of a rational approach to drug design to produce the first non-depolarizing non-steroidal skeletal muscle relaxant that undergoes chemodegradation in vivo. The term chemodegradation was coined by Roger D. Waigh, PhD,[3] also a pharmacist and a postdoctoral researcher in Stenlake's research group. Atracurium was licensed by Strathclyde University to The Wellcome Foundation Ltd. UK, which developed the drug (then known as BW 33A[4]) and its introduction to first human trials in 1979,[5][6] and then eventually to its first introduction (as a mixture of all ten stereoisomers[7]) into clinical anesthetic practice in the UK, in 1983, under the tradename of Tracrium.
The premise to the design of atracurium and several of its congeners stemmed from the knowledge that a bis-quaternary structure is essential for neuromuscular blocking activity: ideally, therefore, a chemical entity devoid of this bis-quaternary structure via susceptibility to inactive breakdown products by enzymic-independent processes would prove to be invaluable in the clinical use of a drug with a predictable onset and duration of action. Hofmann elimination provided precisely this basis: it is a chemical process in which a suitably activated quaternary ammonium compound can be degraded by the mildly alkaline conditions present at physiological pH and temperature.[8] In effect, Hofmann elimination is a retro-Michael addition chemical process. It is important to note here that the physiological process of Hofmann elimination differs from the non-physiological Hofmann degradation process: the latter is a chemical reaction in which a quaternary ammonium hydoxide solid salt is heated to 100 °C, or an aqueous solution of the salt is boiled. Regardless of which Hofmann process is referenced, the end-products in both situations will be the same: an alkene and a tertiary amine.
The premise to the design of atracurium and several of its congeners stemmed from the knowledge that a bis-quaternary structure is essential for neuromuscular blocking activity: ideally, therefore, a chemical entity devoid of this bis-quaternary structure via susceptibility to inactive breakdown products by enzymic-independent processes would prove to be invaluable in the clinical use of a drug with a predictable onset and duration of action. Hofmann elimination provided precisely this basis: it is a chemical process in which a suitably activated quaternary ammonium compound can be degraded by the mildly alkaline conditions present at physiological pH and temperature.[8] In effect, Hofmann elimination is a retro-Michael addition chemical process. It is important to note here that the physiological process of Hofmann elimination differs from the non-physiological Hofmann degradation process: the latter is a chemical reaction in which a quaternary ammonium hydoxide solid salt is heated to 100 °C, or an aqueous solution of the salt is boiled. Regardless of which Hofmann process is referenced, the end-products in both situations will be the same: an alkene and a tertiary amine.
2011年6月23日星期四
Uses of Cobalt Sulphate
The industrial uses of cobalt sulfate range from coating and processing metal to adding color to ceramics.The red crystalline powder was also found in human food and drugs at some point, but concerns about the health risks of the mineral led to the banning of the use of cobalt sulfate for nonindustrial and nonveterinary purposes.
The industrial uses of cobalt sulfate
Addition of cobalt sulfate in nickel plating baths makes metals treated better, stronger, more ductile and smoother. The mineral also occurs in shades of red pottery and porcelain glazes and helps to dry and fix the inks on lithographs.
Food and Drug Uses
Brewers when used cobalt sulfate to prolong the life of beer foam, and ranchers were dosed cattle with cobalt sulfate or fertilizer enriched with cobalt sulphate to ensure that their animals get enough oligo-elements needed to produce vitamin B12. Moreover, until recently, cobalt sulfate has a therapeutic role in treating certain forms of anemia.
Health Risks
Look at long-term or repeated exposure to skin and to cobalt sulfate may cause irritation, rash and redness that will fade as the end of such exposures. Inhalation of dust from cobalt sulfate over a prolonged period, which is possible in manufacturing environments where the mineral powder is used, can lead to poisoning and may cause cancer. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens from the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences identifies cobalt sulfate as probable human carcinogen, but notes that the role of the mineral in cancer is difficult to define because most people who working with cobalt sulfate also work with other heavy metals and cancer causing chemicals.
Cobalt Sulfate Poisoning
Acute poison --- cobalt sulfate inhalation of dust too fast can cause --- cough, nausea, shortness of breath and vomiting, but is not life threatening. Poisoning that results from chronic inhalation of cobalt sulfate causes irreversible blood thickening, enlarged heart (cardiomyopathy), pain and tingling (neuropathy), and thyroid dysfunction.
Regulations
Federal Clean Air Act regulations list cobalt sulfate as a hazardous air pollutant, and companies must report spills and releases of cobalt compounds for federal agencies and local emergency response. In addition, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned the use of cobalt sulfate in beverages, foods and medicines for humans.
The industrial uses of cobalt sulfate
Addition of cobalt sulfate in nickel plating baths makes metals treated better, stronger, more ductile and smoother. The mineral also occurs in shades of red pottery and porcelain glazes and helps to dry and fix the inks on lithographs.
Food and Drug Uses
Brewers when used cobalt sulfate to prolong the life of beer foam, and ranchers were dosed cattle with cobalt sulfate or fertilizer enriched with cobalt sulphate to ensure that their animals get enough oligo-elements needed to produce vitamin B12. Moreover, until recently, cobalt sulfate has a therapeutic role in treating certain forms of anemia.
Health Risks
Look at long-term or repeated exposure to skin and to cobalt sulfate may cause irritation, rash and redness that will fade as the end of such exposures. Inhalation of dust from cobalt sulfate over a prolonged period, which is possible in manufacturing environments where the mineral powder is used, can lead to poisoning and may cause cancer. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens from the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences identifies cobalt sulfate as probable human carcinogen, but notes that the role of the mineral in cancer is difficult to define because most people who working with cobalt sulfate also work with other heavy metals and cancer causing chemicals.
Cobalt Sulfate Poisoning
Acute poison --- cobalt sulfate inhalation of dust too fast can cause --- cough, nausea, shortness of breath and vomiting, but is not life threatening. Poisoning that results from chronic inhalation of cobalt sulfate causes irreversible blood thickening, enlarged heart (cardiomyopathy), pain and tingling (neuropathy), and thyroid dysfunction.
Regulations
Federal Clean Air Act regulations list cobalt sulfate as a hazardous air pollutant, and companies must report spills and releases of cobalt compounds for federal agencies and local emergency response. In addition, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned the use of cobalt sulfate in beverages, foods and medicines for humans.
Uses of Barium Titanate
Barium titanate, BaTiO3, or is composed of one part of barium, a titanium frame and three parts oxygen. The combination of the two metals with oxygen produces a compound with certain qualities. These qualities, which include a positive temperature coefficient and high dielectric properties, barium titanate make useful products in the electronics industry.
Positive temperature coefficient
Compounds with positive temperature coefficients, such as barium titanate have the opportunity to increase their electrical resistance with increasing temperature. This capability, known as positive temperature coefficient of resistivity or PSTN, resulting in a rapid increase in electrical resistance with increasing temperature. The temperature that triggers the increase is known as the switch or Curie temperature. This ability is barium titanate compound valuable to use as a thermostat or an electric heating system checked. RPTC allows the heater to reach a preset temperature without the need for a thermostat.
PTC thermistors
Barium titanate, with PTCR, is good for PTC thermistors. They are used in heating elements, applications against excess current, devices and telecommunications. In most temperatures, the thermistor to maintain a slightly negative temperature coefficient. When the heat reaches the switching temperature, the electrical resistance of barium titanate increases very rapidly until it becomes slightly negative at very high temperatures.
High dielectric property
Dielectric is the ability to isolate or not to conduct electricity. Barium titanate exhibits high dielectric qualities making it a good insulator for industrial purposes, such as in the cells of memory on computer chips. The nanoparticles, or very small particles of the compound, provide the material for these uses. Silicon dioxide is the common material, but according to researchers at IBM, he has nearly reached its storage limit and a new material is needed, one with a high dielectric property.
Capacitors
Capacitors store and release energy quickly and in electronic devices like cell phones. Barium titanate nanoparticles have the potential to double the energy storage due to their high dielectric properties. Other uses include defense applications or any use where storage capacity is important.
Composites
Experiments using barium titanate with tin to form a compound extremely stiff were reported in the September 2007 "Engineer of Wisconsin." These efforts were to develop a new material that has the rigidity of diamonds, but can be used in the manufacture and construction. Part of the research involves broadening the temperature range where the composite is stiff, it would be of value in commercial applications. Potential commercial applications include use as material for bridges, buildings and airplanes. The compound also has a high density of data that would make a good material for computer hard drives.
Positive temperature coefficient
Compounds with positive temperature coefficients, such as barium titanate have the opportunity to increase their electrical resistance with increasing temperature. This capability, known as positive temperature coefficient of resistivity or PSTN, resulting in a rapid increase in electrical resistance with increasing temperature. The temperature that triggers the increase is known as the switch or Curie temperature. This ability is barium titanate compound valuable to use as a thermostat or an electric heating system checked. RPTC allows the heater to reach a preset temperature without the need for a thermostat.
PTC thermistors
Barium titanate, with PTCR, is good for PTC thermistors. They are used in heating elements, applications against excess current, devices and telecommunications. In most temperatures, the thermistor to maintain a slightly negative temperature coefficient. When the heat reaches the switching temperature, the electrical resistance of barium titanate increases very rapidly until it becomes slightly negative at very high temperatures.
High dielectric property
Dielectric is the ability to isolate or not to conduct electricity. Barium titanate exhibits high dielectric qualities making it a good insulator for industrial purposes, such as in the cells of memory on computer chips. The nanoparticles, or very small particles of the compound, provide the material for these uses. Silicon dioxide is the common material, but according to researchers at IBM, he has nearly reached its storage limit and a new material is needed, one with a high dielectric property.
Capacitors
Capacitors store and release energy quickly and in electronic devices like cell phones. Barium titanate nanoparticles have the potential to double the energy storage due to their high dielectric properties. Other uses include defense applications or any use where storage capacity is important.
Composites
Experiments using barium titanate with tin to form a compound extremely stiff were reported in the September 2007 "Engineer of Wisconsin." These efforts were to develop a new material that has the rigidity of diamonds, but can be used in the manufacture and construction. Part of the research involves broadening the temperature range where the composite is stiff, it would be of value in commercial applications. Potential commercial applications include use as material for bridges, buildings and airplanes. The compound also has a high density of data that would make a good material for computer hard drives.
The uses of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A
The blood is tested for levels of two substances; hCG and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. The result of this blood test and a detailed ultrasound scan, which measures the thickness at the back of the fetal neck, determines the risk of a birth disorder but does not diagnose a condition.
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 protease, PAPP-A-proMBP complex) is a large heterottetrameric glycoprotein of approximately 500 kDa, which was first discovered in serum from pregnant women. The hetreotetramer consists of two PAPP-A subunits and two proMBP subunits. Low maternal serum levels of PAPP-A in first trimester biochemical screening is used as a marker of Down’s syndrome.
During the first trimester of pregnancy, a health care provider will take blood to determine the current health of the mother and record vital information that may be needed over the course of the pregnancy and delivery. A fetal screening blood test helps identify a pregnancy that may be at risk for serious birth disorders and may also be offered during the first trimester.
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 protease, PAPP-A-proMBP complex) is a large heterottetrameric glycoprotein of approximately 500 kDa, which was first discovered in serum from pregnant women. The hetreotetramer consists of two PAPP-A subunits and two proMBP subunits. Low maternal serum levels of PAPP-A in first trimester biochemical screening is used as a marker of Down’s syndrome.
During the first trimester of pregnancy, a health care provider will take blood to determine the current health of the mother and record vital information that may be needed over the course of the pregnancy and delivery. A fetal screening blood test helps identify a pregnancy that may be at risk for serious birth disorders and may also be offered during the first trimester.
Potassium iodide
Potassium iodide is an inorganic compound. It is less hygroscopic than sodium iodide, making it easier to work with. Aged and impure samples are yellow because of oxidation of the iodide to iodine.Potassium iodide is used medicinally in tablets, usually containing 130 mg of KI, or as a "saturated solution of potassium iodide" (SSKI) which in the U.S.P. generic formulation contains 1000 mg of KI per mL (or 500 mg KI in 10 drops, assumed to be 0.5 mL).
Potassium iodide is a supplement that manufacturers advertise as a way to treat an overactive thyroid in lieu of hormone therapies. It is also used to protect the person against the effects of inhaled or ingested radioactive iodine. You can get potassium iodide from numerous sources, but you should speak to your doctor before using the product.
Potassium iodide is a supplement that manufacturers advertise as a way to treat an overactive thyroid in lieu of hormone therapies. It is also used to protect the person against the effects of inhaled or ingested radioactive iodine. You can get potassium iodide from numerous sources, but you should speak to your doctor before using the product.
2011年6月14日星期二
Inhibin-A ELISA Kit Uses
Inhibin A is a dimer of subunits alpha and beta A, inhibin B is a dimer of subunits alpha and beta B. Inhibin belongs to women transforming growth factor β-superfamily.In, FSH stimulates the secretion of inhibin by granulosa cells of ovarian follicles in the ovary. In turn, inhibits the secretion of inhibin FSH.Inhibin is decreased by GnRH, and enhanced by insulin-like growth factor-A 1.Inhibin peaked in the mid-luteal phase.Inhibin-A is elevated in the blood serum of women carrying fetuses with Down syndrome.Inhibin is produced in the gonads, ituitary gland, placenta and men organs.In others it is a hormone that inhibits FSH-production.The inhibin alpha subunit joins either A beta or beta B subunit to form an inhibitor of pituitary FSH secretion.
Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC ) Uses
Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC ) is a glycoprotein of molecular weight ~ 45 kDa, belonging to the family of serine protease inhibitors of cysteine /. The protein was originally isolated by Kato and colleagues from human tissues and squamous cell carcinomas proved to have at least 10 different sub-fractions in isoelectric point. SCC antigen is a serologic marker of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, vulva, uterus, lung, head and neck, and esophagus . In case of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, serum pre SCC-ag treatment can be used as an early prognostic factors and the use of pretreatment SCC Ag was suggested to select patients at high risk for adjuvant therapy. In addition, for patients with levels high SCC AG before starting treatment, the profile of FA SCC correlates with response to radio-and chemo-therapy and the extent of ag NAC can be used to monitor the effect of treatment and early detection of recurrent disease.
2011年6月13日星期一
Uses of Cobalt Sulphate
The industrial uses of cobalt sulfate
Addition of cobalt sulfate in nickel plating baths makes metals treated better, stronger, more ductile and smoother. The mineral also occurs in shades of red pottery and porcelain glazes and helps to dry and fix the inks on lithographs.
Food and Drug Uses
Brewers when used cobalt sulfate to prolong the life of beer foam, and ranchers were dosed cattle with cobalt sulfate or fertilizer enriched with cobalt sulphate to ensure that their animals get enough oligo-elements needed to produce vitamin B12. Moreover, until recently, cobalt sulfate has a therapeutic role in treating certain forms of anemia.
Health Risks
Look at long-term or repeated exposure to skin and to cobalt sulfate may cause irritation, rash and redness that will fade as the end of such exposures. Inhalation of dust from cobalt sulfate over a prolonged period, which is possible in manufacturing environments where the mineral powder is used, can lead to poisoning and may cause cancer. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens from the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences identifies cobalt sulfate as probable human carcinogen, but notes that the role of the mineral in cancer is difficult to define because most people who working with cobalt sulfate also work with other heavy metals and cancer causing chemicals.
Cobalt Sulfate Poisoning
Acute poison --- cobalt sulfate inhalation of dust too fast can cause --- cough, nausea, shortness of breath and vomiting, but is not life threatening. Poisoning that results from chronic inhalation of cobalt sulfate causes irreversible blood thickening, enlarged heart (cardiomyopathy), pain and tingling (neuropathy), and thyroid dysfunction.
Regulations
Federal Clean Air Act regulations list cobalt sulfate as a hazardous air pollutant, and companies must report spills and releases of cobalt compounds for federal agencies and local emergency response. In addition, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned the use of cobalt sulfate in beverages, foods and medicines for humans.
Cobalt Oxide Uses
Cobalt oxide is a chemical compound derived from cobalt blue, a byproduct of metal extraction and processing of copper and nickel. The cobalt oxide powder is in green, red or black or crystal and has many industrial applications and health, although repeated exposure can also cause a high disease.Pigments
Cobalt oxide is used to provide color blue for glass, porcelain and enamel tiles and gives a blue tint to enamel steel. It is also a drying agent for paints in oils, varnishes and inks, and is used in sympathetic inks, which are colorless and invisible until they are exposed to chemicals,light or heat.
Industrial Uses
The cobalt oxide in the form of lithium cobalt oxide is a chemical essential to the manufacture of rechargeable batteries. It is also used in the manufacture of magnets and used as a catalyst for hydrogen production. It acts as an oxidizing agent in the propane fuel and ammonium fertilizers. Petroleum and petrochemical companies use cobalt oxide to treat raw materials and finished products. Manufacturers of semiconductors use cobalt oxide to fabricate circuit components such as voltage controlled resistors.
Nutrition
Animal feed Manufacturers use cobalt oxide to increase the nutritional content. Herbal supplements of cobalt oxide reduce mineral deficiencies in cattle, sheep and horses, and help them absorb and metabolize vitamin B12. The cobalt oxide also contributes to the growth and reproductive development in animals and may prevent swelling of the thyroid gland. In addition to the soil, cobalt oxide infused vegetables, leafy vegetables and other plants with cobalamin, a form of vitamin B12. Cobalamin-rich plants may help vegetarians and other non-meat eaters avoid anemia, heart palpitations and other health problems.
Dangers of Cobalt Oxide
Repeated exposure to dust heavy cobalt oxide untreated or fumes can irritate the airways and cause coughing, asthma and lung disease,abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, rash and ringing in the ears can also result,and patches of red, itchy skin can appear as well. Chronic exposure is linked to kidney, heart and lungs. People who have skin problems, eye conditions or allergies to cobalt should avoid contact with dust from cobalt oxide and vapors. This is a potential cancer causer in humans and can disrupt the reproductive systems.
2011年6月8日星期三
Platinum-Palladium catalyst
Catalysts are to be initiated by Merriam-Webster as substances accelerate, or a chemical reaction without itself defines affected by the reaction. There are a variety of catalysts for chemical reactions. Some catalysts are specific to individual reactions. Others can be disseminated, such as those listed below.Palladium and platinum are popular types of chemical catalysts. According to a report of Chemical Technology, both palladium and platinum are used by pharmaceutical companies to require a variety of combinations to create produce medicines and antibiotics. They are useful in catalysts, as they keep the reactants firmly but still allow you to stop the reaction partner to form new compounds.
2011年6月7日星期二
Human myosin heavy chain ELISA
Human myosin heavy chain ELISA is a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay solidoid assay (ELISA). A known concentration of standard, unknown concentration of the sample by the addition of micro-ELISA plate for testing. First incubated, and biotin-labeled antibodies at the same time. After washing, addition of avidin-HRP-labeled. Remove after a further incubation and washing unbound enzyme combo, and then adding substrate A, B and enzyme combo traded simultaneously. Produce color. The color depth and concentration of samples was proportional relationship.Kit Performance: 1 Sensitivity: the minimum detection concentration is less than 1 standard. Linear dilution. The correlation coefficient R-value of the linear regression of the sample and the expected concentration is 0.990.
2.Specific: no reaction with other cytokines.
3. Repeatability coefficient of variation of within-plate was, inter-plate less than 10%.
The human elastin ELISA kit
The human elastin ELISA kit is a test solidoid sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A known concentration of the standard, the unknown concentration of the sample by adding micro-ELISA plate for testing. First, incubated, and antibodies labeled with biotin at the same time. After washing, adding the HRP-labeled avidin. After further incubation and washing to remove uncombined enzyme list, then add the substrate A, B, and the enzyme acted simultaneously combo. Produce color. The depth of color and concentration of samples was proportional relationship.Performance Kit: 1. Sensitivity: the minimum concentration of detection is lower than the standard No. 1. Linear dilution. The correlation coefficient R of the linear regression of the sample and the expected concentration is 0.990.
2.Specific: no reaction with other cytokines.
3. Repeatability coefficient of variation within the plate, inter-plate was less than 10%.
2011年3月29日星期二
Herbs That Decrease Libido
The herbs are sometimes used to decrease libido. Herbs can remedy an abnormally high sex drive or libido of a person. Some men may desire herbal remedy for libido to prevent excessive erection sudden, unexpected or embarrassing. Herbs that decrease libido are also known as anaphrodisiacs.
The eccentric say about how certain alcohols can cause a man to become temporarily assigned to the erectile dysfunction is not just an expression. Hops is an ingredient used to give beer its bitter taste signature - and it can also cause a person's libido to drop. Hops can cause vaginal dryness in females, males, hops may lead to failure to obtain an erection.
Known botanically as Vitex, berries of the chaste tree received their nickname because of their effect on sex drive when they are consumed. Long ago, the monks started using chaste berry for submitting their natural sexual instincts to stay pure. This practice has got the chaste berry another nickname: Pepper Monk. Chaste berries are often used to balance hormones in women and give consistency to ovulation and menstruation.
Because valerian is also a plant cutting, such as hops, it can work to decrease libido too high. Valerian is used to calm nervous responses related to physical pain and normal physical function. Valerian is also used to induce relaxation and acts as a soporific. It has been known to relieve menstrual cramps. In the case of libido, valerian is not scientifically proven to reduce libido, but many users say they have experienced a low libido due to other effects it has.
Skullcap works by reducing blood pressure, which can make erections harder to obtain. Skullcap also removes nervous system responses such as excitement.
A Chinese herb called Rehmannia glutinosa is known to address hormonal deficiencies that cause people to have increased libido and feel obligated to procreate often. Another inhibitor of the hormone-based plants with the same effect is ligustrum.
Many herbs have proven to increase libido. For women, ashwaghanda, Gentian, Ginkgo biloba and Muira puama will increase libido. Licorice, horny goat weed and cola nuts are herbs that work specifically to increase libido in men. Siberian ginseng, tribulus, sarsaparilla and saw palmetto will increase the libido for both sexes.
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Uses of Cobalt Sulphate
Industrial, Food and Drug Uses
• Addition of cobalt sulfate in nickel plating baths makes metals treated better, stronger, more ductile and smoother. The mineral also occurs in shades of red pottery and porcelain glazes and helps to dry and fix the inks on lithographs.
• Brewers once used it to prolong the life of beer foam, and ranchers were dosed cattle with it or fertilizer enriched with it to ensure that their animals get enough trace elements needed to produce vitamin B12. Moreover, until recently, cobalt sulfate has a therapeutic role in treating certain forms of anemia.
• Addition of cobalt sulfate in nickel plating baths makes metals treated better, stronger, more ductile and smoother. The mineral also occurs in shades of red pottery and porcelain glazes and helps to dry and fix the inks on lithographs.
• Brewers once used it to prolong the life of beer foam, and ranchers were dosed cattle with it or fertilizer enriched with it to ensure that their animals get enough trace elements needed to produce vitamin B12. Moreover, until recently, cobalt sulfate has a therapeutic role in treating certain forms of anemia.
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Pethidine, another pain medication used to reduce the pain of childbirth
Pethidine, another pain medication used to reduce the pain of childbirth. It is also an anti-spasmodic, which means it helps you relax. I myself had pethidine injected into the leg of my second child, and when the effects of the drug kicks in I do not care in the world and could have had babies after baby. I can never remember the pain being offered with my first son, oh I had pain when I look back. There was a gap of eighteen years between my two boys which is why I suffered with, and not the other. Pethidine is an opioid drug that makes it much more similar to morphine. It is a clear liquid administered into the muscle, usually in the upper leg or buttock. It prevents the pain receptors in your brain that make you aware of the pain. It is a muscle relaxant and sedative that can cause drowsiness. It's fast work (10-15 minutes) is good for women victims of terrible pain. The full benefit of the drug usually takes effect after about half an hour and usually lasts for 3-4 hours.
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